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Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint formed by?

A

Every bone in the human body forms a joint with at least one other bone

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2
Q

What is the one bone that doesn’t have a joint?

A

The hyoid bone of the neck

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3
Q

What is the functional classification of joints?

A

It focuses on the amount of movement allowed by the joint

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4
Q

What are synarthroses?

A

Immovable joints

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5
Q

What are Amphiarthroses?

A

slightly movable joints

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6
Q

What are Diarthroses?

A

freely movable joints

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7
Q

What are fibrous joints and an example of them

A

The bones are united by a fibrous tissue, the sutures of the skull

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8
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Those in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

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9
Q

Synovial joints are all…

A

freely movable

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10
Q

What are the 4 distinguishing features of synovial joints?

A

Articulating cartilage, fibrous articular capsule, joint cavity, and reinforcing ligaments

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11
Q

What is the articulating cartilage in the synovial joints?

A

A type of cartilage which covers the ends of the bones forming the joints

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12
Q

What is the fibrous articular cartilage in the synovial joints?

A

The joint surfaces are enclosed by a sleeve or capsule of fibrous connective tissue

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13
Q

What is the fibrous articular cartilage lined with? Why is it called that?

A

A smooth synovial membrane, it is the reason these joints are called synovial joints

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14
Q

What is the bursae?

A

A flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

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15
Q

Where are the bursae located?

A

Where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

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16
Q

What is the tendon sheath?

A

An elongated bursa which wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction

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17
Q

What does the tendon sheath act like?

A

A bun around a hotdog

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18
Q

What kind of movement do plane joints have?

A

Gliding or slipping

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19
Q

What kind of axial is plane?

A

Non axial- does not rotate around an axis

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20
Q

How are plane joints shaped?

A

The articulating surfaces are flat

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21
Q

Where are plane joints found?

A

The intercarpal joints of the wrist and the intertarsal joints of the ankle

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22
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Is the type of joint where the cylindrical end of one bone fits through the trough-shaped surface of another bone

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23
Q

How do hinge joints work?

A

Angular movement is allowed in just one plane, like a mechanical hinge

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24
Q

Where are hinge joints located?

A

elbow, ankle, and between the phalanges of the fingers

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25
Q

What is the pivot joint?

A

The rounded end of the bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone (and possibly ligaments)

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26
Q

What kind of joints are pivot joints? And why?

A

Uniaxial because the rotating bone can only turn around its long axis

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27
Q

Where is the pivot joint located?

A

The joint between the atlas and the dens of the axis

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28
Q

What is the condyloid joint?

A

Forms when the egg shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another bone

29
Q

How do condyloid joints work?

A

They allow the moving bone to travel from side to side and also back and forth

30
Q

What kind of axial are the Condyloid joints and why?

A

Biaxial because movement occurs around two joints

31
Q

Where are condyloid joints found?

A

The joints of the knuckles

32
Q

What are the saddle joints?

A

When each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like a saddle

33
Q

What kind of axial are saddle joints?

A

Biaxial, same as the condyloid

34
Q

Where are the saddle joints found?

A

The carpometacarpal joints of the thumb

35
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

Has the spherical head of one bone fitting into a round socket in another

36
Q

What kind of axial are ball and socket joints and what does it do?

A

Multiaxial, allow movement in all axes including rotation

37
Q

What are ball and socket joints compared to the rest of the synovial joints?

A

They are freely movable

38
Q

Where are ball and socket joints found?

A

The hips and shoulders

39
Q

What are sprains?

A

Result when ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn

40
Q

What are the common sprain sites of the human body?

A

Lumbar region of the spine, ankle, and knee

41
Q

What are dislocations also called?

A

Luxation

42
Q

How do dislocations happen?

A

They occur when bones are forced out of alignment

43
Q

What are dislocations usually accompanied by?

A

Sprains, inflammation, and and joint immobilization

44
Q

How do dislocations happen?

A

They may result from serious falls and are common contact sport injuries

45
Q

What are the most common cartilage injuries?

A

They involve the tearing of the knee menisci

46
Q

What is the menisci?

A

Semilunar cartilage pad

47
Q

Cartilage is…

A

Avascular

48
Q

Why is cartilage being avascular significant?

A

Rarely can obtain sufficient nourishment to repair itself, thus it usually stays torn

49
Q

How is cartilage repaired?

A

Through arthroscopic surgery

50
Q

What is arthroscopic surgery?

A

A common procedure performed by physicians to move the central (avascular) part of the damaged cartilage

51
Q

How are arthroscopic procedures done?

A

Insertion of fluid, arthroscope, and instruments through portals

52
Q

What is bursitis?

A

The inflammation of a bursa

53
Q

How is bursitis caused?

A

By a blow or friction

54
Q

What is housemaid’s knee or water on the knee?

A

Falling on one’s knee may result in a painful bursitis of the prepatellar bursa

55
Q

How is student’s elbow or olecranon bursitis caused?

A

By prolonged leaning on one’s elbow damaging the bursa close to the olecranon process

55
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

56
Q

What are the symptoms of tendonitis and what are they similar to?

A

Pain and swelling, bursitis

57
Q

What is the treatment for tendonitis?

A

Rest, ice, and anti inflammatory drugs

58
Q

How many different types of arthritis are there?

A

Over 100 different types of degenerarive diseases that damage the joints

59
Q

How many people suffer from arthritis?

A

One out of seven americans, it is the most widespread crippling disease in the United States

60
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

The most common chronic (long term) arthritis

61
Q

What is osteoarthritis also called?

A

Wear and tear arthritis

62
Q

What kind of people first start noticing osteoarthritis?

A

It is most prevalent in the aged and is probably related to the normal aging process

63
Q

Osteoarthritis is not always…

A

Inflammatory

64
Q

What triggers rheumatoid arthritis?

A

The initial trigger of this is unknown, but the streptococcus bacterium and viruses have been suspected

65
Q

What is gout or gouty arthritis?

A

When uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle shaped crystals in the soft tissue

66
Q

What is uric acid?

A

A normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism

67
Q

What is gout also called and why?

A

Rich man’s disease because of the types of foods that can cause it

Anatomy (12 decks)

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