Nervous

Question 1

What is the nervous system?

Answer 1

The master controlling and communicating system of the body

Question 2

What reflects the nervous sytem’s activity?

Answer 2

Every thought, action, and emotion

Question 3

What is the signaling device for body cells?

Answer 3

Elcectical impulses

Question 4

Characteristics of responses

Answer 4

Rapid, specific, and almost immediate

Question 5

What does the central nervous system consist of?

Answer 5

Brain and spinal cord

Question 6

What do the brain and spinal cord occupy and do?

Answer 6

The dorsal body cavity and act as the integrating and ccommand centers of the nervous system

Question 7

What does the central nervous system interpret?

Answer 7

Sensory information

Question 8

What does the coentral nervous system issue?

Answer 8

Instructions based on past experience and current conditions

Question 9

How are supporting cells lumped together?

Answer 9

As neuroglia or glia which means glue

Question 10

WHat do supporting cells do for neurons?

Answer 10

They support, insulate, and protect delicate neueons

Question 11

What can neuroglia cannot do?

Answer 11

Transmit nerve impulses because it is highly developed in neurons

Question 12

What is nissl substance?

Answer 12

Rough ER

Question 13

Where are neurofibrils found?

Answer 13

Inside the cell body

Question 14

What is the funncion of neurofibrils?

Answer 14

To mantain cell shape

Question 15

How big are neurofibrils?

Answer 15

The armlike processes or fibers vary in length from microscopic to 3 to 4 feet

Question 16

Where are the longest neurofibrils?

Answer 16

Reach from the the lumbar region of the spine to tghe big toe

Question 17

What are dendrites?

Answer 17

The neuron processes that convey invoming messages towards the cell body

Question 18

What are axons?

Answer 18

Neuron processes that generate nerve impulses and consuct them away from the cell body

Question 19

What are axonal terminals?

Answer 19

All axons branch at their teminal end, forming hundreds to thosands of them

Question 20

What do axonal terminals contain?

Answer 20

Hundreds of tiny vesicles or membranous sacs that contain chenmicals called neurotransmitters

Question 21

What is the synaptic cleft?

Answer 21

Each exonal termianal is separated by the next neuron by a tiny gap called it

Question 22

What does syn mean?

Answer 22

To clasp or join

Question 23

What is the synaptic cleft called?

Answer 23

A synapse

Question 24

What are schwann cells?

Answer 24

Myeliate axons outside the CNS

Question 25

What are schwann cells specialized in?

Answer 25

Supporting cells

Question 26

What do schwann cells do and what is it called?

Answer 26

Wrap themselves tightly around the axon, myelin sheath

Question 27

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 27

Sensory, motor, and association

Question 28

What dies afferent mean?

Answer 28

Towards

Question 29

What does efferent me?

Answer 29

Away

Question 30

How do motor neurons work?

Answer 30

Neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands

Question 31

Where are cell bodies of motor neurons located?

Answer 31

The CNS

Question 32

How do association neurons work?

Answer 32

They connect the motor and sensory neurons in neutral pathways located in the CNS

Question 33

What is another word for association?

Answer 33

Interneurons

Question 34

What is structural classification for neurons based on?

Answer 34

The number of processes extending from the cell body

Question 35

What kind of neurons are multipolar?

Answer 35

All motor and association

Question 36

What makes a neuron multipo;ar?

Answer 36

If there are several processes

Question 37

What kind of neuron is most common?

Answer 37

Multipoalr

Question 38

What are bipolar neurons?

Answer 38

Neurons with two processes, an axon and a dendrite

Question 39

What are bipolar neurons rare in?

Answer 39

Adults

Question 40

Where are bipolar neurons found?

Answer 40

In some special sensory receptor cells of the eye and ear

Question 41

What are unipolar neurons?

Answer 41

They have a single process emerging from the cell body

Question 42

Where are unipolar neurons found?

Answer 42

In the PNS

Question 43

What is the PNS?

Answer 43

Nerves extending from the broin and the Spinal cord, where unipolar neurons are found

Question 44

What is the inside of the neuron and what does it have in it?

Answer 44

Negative, Potassium(K+)

Question 45

What is the outside of the neuron and what does it have in it?

Answer 45

Positive, Sodium(NA+)

Question 46

How does this phenomenon happen inside the neuron?

Answer 46

As long as the inside remains more negative as compared to the outside, the neuron will stay inactive.

Question 47

What happens when a neuron is adequately stimulated?

Answer 47

The "sodium gates" in the membrane open

Question 48

What happens when the sodium gates open?

Answer 48

Because of diffusion, sodium in higher concentration outside the cell will diffuse quickly into the neuron

Question 49

What is depolarization?

Answer 49

The inward rush of NA+ changes the polarity of the neuron's membrane, the inside is now positive and the outside is now negative

Question 50

What happens if the stimulus is strong enough in depolarization?

Answer 50

It activates the neuron to initiate and transmit an action potential (essentially it keeps moving down the neuron), and it creates a nerve impulse in neurons

Question 51

What is repolarization?

Answer 51

This outflow of positive ions from the cell restores the electrical conditions at the membrane to the polarized or resting state

Question 52

What happens to a neuron until it is repolarized?

Answer 52

It cannot conduct another impulse

Question 53

What happens after repolarization occurs?

Answer 53

The initial concentrations of the sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the neuron are restored by activation of the sodium/potassium pump

Question 54

What does the sodium/potassium pump use?

Answer 54

Cell energy (ATP) to pump excess NA+ put of the cell aand to bring K+ back into the cell

Question 55

What do cold and continuous pressure do?

Answer 55

Hinder impulse conduction

Question 56

Why do cold and continuous pressure hinder impulse conduction?

Answer 56

They interrupt blood circulation and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the neurons

Question 57

What is conductivity?

Answer 57

The travel of an impulse along one neuron to another neuron

Question 58

What happens when action potential reaches the axonal endings?

Answer 58

The tiny vesicles containing the neurotransmitter chemical fuse with the axonal membrane, which ruptures and releases neurotransmitters

Question 59

What is the transmission of an impulse?

Answer 59

An electrochemical event

Question 60

When is the transmission down the neuron electrical?

Answer 60

Depolarization and repolarization

Question 61

When is the transmission down the neuron chemical?

Answer 61

The release of the neurotransmitter into the synapse

Question 62

What is was the body does every day programmed by?

Answer 62

Reflexes

Question 63

What are three characteristics of reflexes?

Answer 63

Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

Question 64

What are reflexes like and why?

Answer 64

One way streets, once they begin they go in one direction

Question 65

What is the reflex arc?

Answer 65

The neural pathways that a reflex travels

Question 66

What do autonimic reflexes do?

Answer 66

Regulate the activity of smooth muscles like the heart and glands, examples are secretion of saliva- salivary reflex, and changes in the size of the pupil, papillary reflex

Question 67

What do autonomic reflexes regulate?

Answer 67

Digestion, elimination, blood pressure, and sweating

Question 68

What do somatic reflexes include?

Answer 68

All reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles

Question 69

What is an example of somatic reflexes?

Answer 69

When you quickly pull your hand away from a hot object

Question 70

What do all reflex arcs have a minimum of?

Answer 70

Five elements