Journal Articles - 2021 Flashcards by Katharine Russell

How does renal transplantation relate to toxoplasma gondii infections and mortality in cats?

Ludwig et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Cats who undergo renal transplantation require immunosuppressant therapy lifelong thereafter. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma in cats is around 31.6-62%. Immunosuppressed cats are at risk for clinical toxoplasmosis either from prior or new infection with T. gondii.

Ludwig et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the indications for a paravertebral perineural gluccocorticoid injection in the cervical spine of dogs with IVDH?

Wolf et al, 2021 - JAVMA

For management of dogs with neck pain or only minor neurologic deficits due to foraminal disk herniations who have not responded to conventional medical management and/or are not eligible for surgical intervention

Wolf et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the efficacy of perineural injections for the treatement of foraminal cervical IVDH that is refractory to conservative management?

Wolf et al, 2021 - JAVMA

75% response rate (out of 4 dog)
Repeated injections were required in all to maintain the improvement

Wolf et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What was the most common cause for thoracolumbar myelopathy seen on MRI of the thoracolumbar spine in dogs?

What was the incidence overall, in dogs <15 kgs and in dogs >15kgs?

Spence & Isreal, 2021 - JAVMA

IVDD

87.2% of all cases

94.7% of cases in dogs <15kg

58.4% of cases in dogs >15 kgs

Spence & Isreal, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What was the second most common cause for thoracolumbar myelopathy seen on MRI of the thoracolumbar spine in dogs?

What was the incidence overall, in dogs <15 kgs and in dogs >15kgs?

Spence & Isreal, 2021 - JAVMA

Neoplasia

5.7% of all cases

2% in dogs <15kgs

19.8% in dogs >15 kgs

Spence & Isreal, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When might a transorbital frontal craniectomy be superial to other cranial vault approaches?

Duncan et al, 2021 - JAVMA

When the lesion of interest is located directly adjacent to the suborbital region of the frontal bone, without interposed parenchyma

Duncan et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 most common histopathologic diagnoses for spinal ataxia in horses?

Hales et al, 2021 - JAVMA

1) Cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy
2) Unknown origin
3) Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy or equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy
4) Trauma

Hales et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What breed is over-represented in horses with histopathologically confirmed cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy?

Hales et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Thoroughbreds

Not corrected for population

Hales et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What breed is over-represented in horses with histopathologically confirmed equine neuroaxonal dystrophy or equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy?

Hales et al, 2021 - JAVMA

American quarter horeses

Not corrected for population

Hales et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is acquired idiopathic megaesophagus?

Hurley et al, 2021 - JAVMA

An acquired neuropathy of unkown cause affecting the esophagus and phyrnx with or without additional evidence of mild to severe polyneuropathy

Hurley et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the clinical signs assiciated with acquired idiopathic megaesophagus?

Hurley et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Most common clinical signs were regurgitation, weight loss, and secondary aspiration pneumonia

Dogs with concurrent peripheral polyneuropathy also showed signs including laryngeal paralysis, dysphonia, and weakness

Hurley et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the main histopathologic feature seen with acquired idiopathic megaesophagus?

Hurley et al, 2021 - JAVMA

A distal axonopathy

Hurley et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the proposed cause for the outbreaks of acquired idiopathic megaesophagus seen in dogs in Latvia and Australia?

Hurley et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Suspect multifactorial cause in association with a specific diet

An explanation for the dietary relationship with the disease was not found with either outbreak, but an unknown toxin or nutritional imbalance was highly suspected as one of the multiple factors

Hurley et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the most common cause of peripheral vestibular disease with or without facial nerve dysfunction in horses?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What bones are affected in temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, and how?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

The stylohyoid and petrous temporal bones are involved

There is bony proliferation and ankylosis of the temporohyoid joint which can lead to secondary petrous temporal bone fracture

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What clinical signs are typicall associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in horses?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Facial nerve dysfunction, head shaking, sensitivity of the ear to touch, and behavior problems

If the petrous temporal bone fractures, an acute vestibular crisis, seizures, encephalitis, and death can follow

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some of the proposed inciting causes of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Otitis media interna
Gutteral pouch disease
Primary degenerative joint disease

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the focus of medical management for the treatment of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in horses?

What potential complication is not addressed by this treatment strategy?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Reducing inflammation and providing analesia

NSAIDs, steroids, gabapentin, and antimicrobials

Does not address the potential for secondary petrous temporal bone fracture

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the indications for surgical intervention in horses treated for temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Patients refractory to medical management and patients at risk for acute petrous temporal bone fracture

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What surgical procedures are used for the treatment of temporohydoid osteoarthropathy?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Procedures that release the unaffected part of the hyoid appuratus from the akylosed region to reduce stress on the bone

Partial stylohyoidectomy, ceratohyoidectomy, or basihyoid-ceratohyoid disarticulation

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the prognosis for horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy treatment medically and surgically?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Study These Flashcards

Medical management - Fair
Surgical management - Good to excellent

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Describe the radiographic appearance of temporohyroid osteoarthropathy?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Study These Flashcards

Periosteal new bone formation of the temporohyoid joint

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Potential complications associated with partial stylohyoidectomy in horses surgically treated for temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Study These Flashcards

Stylohyoid bone regrowth with potential recurrence of clinical signs

Potential for injury during recovery of procedure due to it requiring general anesthesia (all other procedures can be performed standing)

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Potential complications associated with ceratohyoidectomy in horses surgically treated for temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Study These Flashcards

Iatrogenic trauma to the regional nerves and blood vessels

Hemorrhage from branches of the lingual artery is the most common complication reported

Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Potential complications associated with basihyoid-ceratohyoid disarticulation in horses surgically treated for temporohyoid osteoarthropathy? ## Footnote Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

A newer surgical procedure with no reported complications as of publication in 2021. May reduce the risk of neurovascular truama compared to other approaches due to less dissection and does not require GA. ## Footnote Hall et al, 2021 - JAVMA

At what age range should interventions to mitigate the progression of CDS be initated? ## Footnote O'Brian et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Potentially as early as 8 years of age which is the lower end of the age range that dogs may begin to show signs of CDS ## Footnote O'Brian et al, 2021 - JAVMA

What impact may a senior dog group-class have on progression of cognitive dysfunction syndrome? ## Footnote O'Brian et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Senior dogs who participated in a group-class did not have significant progression of signs of CDS; whereas dogs who did not participate in a group-class did. The only negative finding in the group-class was an increase in disorientation (but a baseline for this measure was not collected) ## Footnote O'Brian et al, 2021 - JAVMA

What were the main abrnomalities noted on evaluation of the articular process joints of horses using CT in order of incidence, and most likely location? ## Footnote Rovel et al, 2021 - JAVMA

1. Narrowing of the interverebral foramen 2. Degenerative changes 3. Periarticular osteolysis 4. Cyst-like lesions 5. Fragmentation These abnormalities were most commonly seen between C5 and T1; except for degenerative changes which were most commonly between C3 and C5 ## Footnote Rovel et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Describe the imaging modality and lesion findings in this image of the cervical spine of a horse ## Footnote Rovel et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Transverse CT, Bone window Severe narrowing of the intervertebral foramen on the right secondary to severe enlargement and abnormal shape of the right articular process There is sclerosis and lysis of the end plates (arrow heads) and cyst-like lesions at the dorsal aspect of the articular process (arrows) ## Footnote Rovel et al, 2021 - JAVMA

What cutoff for articular process-to-vertebral body (C6) ratio was associated with clinical signs in horses whose articular process joints where evaluated using CT? ## Footnote Rovel et al, 2021 - JAVMA

APVB > 1.5 An articular process-to-vertebral body (C6) ratio greater than 1.5 was seen ONLY in horses with clinical signs ## Footnote Rovel et al, 2021 - JAVMA

What is the most common location of dural compression by the articular process abnormalities in clinically abnormal horses evaluated using CT? ## Footnote Rovel et al, 2021 - JAVMA

C6-C7 was most commonly affected C3-C4 was the second most common ## Footnote Rovel et al, 2021 - JAVMA

What is the clinical significance of ABCB1 mutation in cats in relation to risk of macrocyclic lactone sensitivity? What is the incidence of this mutation in the overall cat population? ## Footnote Mealey et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Similar to dogs, ABCB1 mutation appears to increase sensitivity to macrocyclic lactones The overall frequency of cats having a single mutant allele was 4.7% (and none out of 1,006 gen-pop cats had both) making it a very rare mutation in cats ## Footnote Mealey et al, 2021 - JAVMA

What is the recurrence rate and timeline for sublumbar abscesses treated surgically? ## Footnote Emilian et al, 2021 - JAVMA

25% recurrence rate with a median time of recurrence of 6 months ## Footnote Emilian et al, 2021 - JAVMA

What factor has been associated with an increased risk of recurrence of a sublumbar abscess following surgery? ## Footnote Emilien et al, 2021 - JAVMA

The presence of diskospondylitis noted pre-operatively was associated with a 8.4 times greater risk of recurrence ## Footnote Emilien et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Decribe the typical MRI appearance of a spinal ependymoma for the following sequences: Location: T2: T1: GRE: T1+C: ## Footnote Gibson et al, 2021 - JAVMA

**Location:** Intramedullary (centrally located) **T2:** Hyperintense **T1:** Iso to hypointense **GRE:** "cap sign" at upper and lower margins suggesting chronic hemorrhage **T1+C:** Usually strongly and uniformly contrast enhancing (one uncomfirmed case was non-enhancing) ## Footnote Gibson et al, 2021 - JAVMA

What histologic features is marked by the asterisk? Based on this finding, what neoplasms should be considered as your primary differentials? ## Footnote Gibson et al, 2021 - JAVMA

Pseudorosette Ependymoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) ## Footnote Gibson et al, 2021 - JAVMA

What factors were associated with increased risk of adverse effect in cats treated with phenobarbitone (UK)? What factor was notably **not** a risk factor for phenobarbitone-associated side effects? ## Footnote Marsh et al, 2021 - JFMS

1) Higher starting dose 2) Use of more than one AED Cause of seizures (idiopathic or structural) was notably **not** associated with risk of medication side effects ## Footnote Marsh et al, 2021 - FJMS

What were the two most common side effects of phenobarbital (UK) when used in cats with seizures? What was the one recognized idiosyncratic adverse event that occurred in 1/77 cats in the UK study? ## Footnote Marsh et al, 2021 - JFMS

1) Sedation 2) Ataxia Idiosyncratic reaction: severe neutropenia ## Footnote Marsh et al, 2021 - JFMS

What was the incidence (%) of cats treated with immunosuppressant dosages of prednisolone (>1.9mg/kg/day) for at least 3 weeks, that developed prednisolone induced diabetes mellitus? ## Footnote Nerhagen et al, 2021 - JFMS

About 10% ## Footnote Nerhagen et al, 2021 - JFMS

Within what time frame do cats who are on 3+ weeks of immunosupressent prednisolone, develop prednisone induced diabetes mellitus? ## Footnote Nerhagen et al, 2021 - JFMS

Typically within 3 months of starting therapy ## Footnote Nerhagen et al, 2021 - JFMS

Can EDTA tubes be used to collect samples for measurements of neurotransmitter levels in cats? ## Footnote Ramos et al, 2021 - JFMS

No There was a poor or absent correlation in levels obtained from EDTA tubes compared with true values and therefore EDTA tubes are not reliable ## Footnote Ramos et al, 2021 - JFMS

With what incidence (%) could the cutaneous trunci be elicited in normal cats bilaterally? How often could it be elicited at least unilaterally? ## Footnote Foss et al, 2021 - JFMS

Bilaterally elicited in 80% of cats At least unilaterally elicited in 98% of cats ## Footnote Foss et al, 2021 - JFMS

How can you confirm if hyperammonemia in a cat with seizures in clinically significant, or due to transient hyperammonemia secondary to the seizure? ## Footnote Nilsson et al, 2021 - JFMS

Retest the ammonie level in 2-3 days in the absence of further siezures to see if still elevated or if the level has resolved ## Footnote Nilsson et al, 2021 - JFMS

Is measurement of the optic nerve diameter or optic nerve sheath diameter on MRI useful for predicting elevated intracranial pressure in cats? How does this compare with non-invasive options (e.g. ultrasound evaluation of the optic nerve sheath diameter)? ## Footnote Lodzinska et al, 2021 - JFMS

There was no difference in values between normal cats and cats with increased ICP when correcting for age Non-invasive testing appears to be more reliable ## Footnote Lodzinska et al, 2021 - JFMS

How do ammonia levels correlate with chemistry findings in cats with kidney disease? ## Footnote Carvalho et al, 2021 - JFMS

There is a moderate correlation between blood ammonia concentrations and BUN, creatinine, and phosphorous levels in cats The clinical significance of this is still TBD as of the 2021 paper ## Footnote Carvalho et al, 2021 - JFMS

Cats with vestibular signs caused by **idiopathic vestibular disease** were significantly more likely to present with what signalment, historical, or clinical features compared to other causes of vestibular signs? ## Footnote Grapes et al, 2021 - JFMS

Non-purebred cats Improving clinical progression ## Footnote Grapes et al, 2021 - JFMS

Cats vestibular signs caused by **intracranial neoplasia** were significantly more likely to present with what signalment, historical, or clinical features compared to other causes of vestibular signs? ## Footnote Grapes et al, 2021 - JFMS

Older age Chronic onset of signs Central vestibular localization ## Footnote Grapes et al, 2021 - JFMS

Cats vestibular signs caused by **thiamine deficiency** were significantly more likely to present with what signalment, historical, or clinical features compared to other causes of vestibular signs? ## Footnote Grapes et al, 2021 - JFMS

Female cats Waxing and waning vestibular signs Bilateral vestibular signs ## Footnote Grapes et al, 2021 - JFMS

Cats vestibular signs caused by **middle ear polypse** were significantly more likely to present with what signalment, historical, or clinical features compared to other causes of vestibular signs? ## Footnote Grapes et al, 2021 - JFMS

Concurrent horner's syndrome ## Footnote Grapes et al, 2021 - JFMS

What were the **6** most common causes of vestibular signs in cats in order of their incidence? ## Footnote Grapes et al, 2021 - JFMS

1) Otitis media interna 2) Intracranial neoplasia 3) Middle ear polyp 4) Feline infectious peritonitis 5) Thiamine deficiency 6) Intracranial empyema ## Footnote Grapes et al, 2021 - JFMS

Journal Articles - 2021 Flashcards

(50 cards)