Journal Articles - 2022

Question 1

What is the suspected pathophysiology behind MRI postictal changes?

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 1

Increased energy metabolism, hyperperfusion, and cell swelling resulting in combination of cytoxic and vasogenic edema as a consequence of seizure activity

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 2

What % of patients with seizures that undergo an MRI are expected to have post-ictal changes?

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 2

About 10-15%

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 3

What % of dogs with postictal changes on MRI had changes limited to a single brain location vs multiple locations?

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 3

About half

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 4

What were the most common regions of the brain affected on MRI by postictal changes resulting in singular lesions?

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 4

1) Piriform lobe
2) Hippocampus
3) Cingulate gyrus

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 5

What were the most common regions of the brain affected on MRI by postictal changes affecting multiple regions of the brain?

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 5

1) Piriform-Hippocampus
2) Piriform-temporal neocortex

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 6

What % of postictal changes on MRI were bilateral?

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 6

~70%

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 7

Within what timeframe from the last seizure may postictal changes on MRI be seen?

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 7

Within 5 weeks from the last seizure

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 8

What was the optimal cutoff time from last seizure to MRI to discriminate between the presence or absence of postictal changes?

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 8

2.5 days

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 9

What seizure factors were associated with an increased likelihood of post-ictal changes on MRI?

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 9

1) Cluster seizures
2) Status epilepticus

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 10

How did time from last seizure to MRI impact the likelihood of postictal changes found on MRI?

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 10

The incidence of postictal changes on MRI were higher in dogs who had a shorter time period between their last seizure and their MRI

Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 11

In dogs who develope neurologic signs post-portosystemic shunt attenuation, within what timeline do those signs typically resolve? Which signs are typically the exception?

Carrera et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 11

Most neurologic signs resolve within 1 month post-op

Vision loss was frequently perminent or took longer to recovery
Seizures recurred in about half of all dogs

Carrera et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 12

What are the expected survival times for patients with an olfactory neuroblastoma treated 1) medically vs 2) Surgery + Radiation therapy?

Modesto et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 12

1) Medical therapy - Survival time of 1 -3 weeks
2) Surgery + Radiation therapy - Survival time >1.5 years

Modesto et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 13

What % of dogs with refractory seizures that were treated with telmisartan for 4 months, saw a reduction in seizure frequency of greater than 30%?

Hanael et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 13

70% of the dogs in the study

Hanael et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 14

What were the most commonly affected spinal cord segments in dogs presenting with central cord signs?

Answer 14

C1-C5 (88%)
C6-T2 (12%)

Question 15

What were the most common underlying diagnoses for dogs presenting with central cord signs?

Answer 15

IVDH Type 1
Hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE)

Question 16

What specific disk spaces were most commonly affected in dogs presenting with central cord signs?

Ros et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 16

C3-C4

C4-C5

Ros et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 17

What were the two most common perioperative complications observed following craniotomy or craniectomy in dogs or cats?

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 17

1) Hypotension
2) Anemia

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 18

What were the four most common postoperative complications observed following craniotomy or craniectomy in dogs or cats?

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 18

1) Neurologic deficits
2) Seizures
3) Post-op Anemia
4) Aspiration pneumonia

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 19

What was the mortality rate for dogs or cats undergoing craniotomy or craniectomy?

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 19

15% of cases

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 20

What % of patients undergoing craniotomy or craniectomy developed complications within the first 24 hours post-op?

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 20

35% of cases

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 21

What % of patients undergoing craniotomy or craniectomy developed complications from 1-10 days post-op?

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 21

52.1% of cases

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 22

What was the incidence of long term complications in patients that underwent a craniotomy or craniectomy?

What were the two most common long term complications?

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 22

40% of cases

1) Seizures
3) Neurologic deficits

Morton et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 23

How long may it take before markers of improvement are seen in dogs being treated for coccidioidomycosis with fluconazole?

Carter et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 23

90 days

Lack of improvement prior to 90 days should not be considered therapeutic failure

Carter et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 24

What is the benefit of surgical stabilization in addition to dorsal laminactomy for the treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) compared to dorsal laminectomy alone?

Tanoue et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 24

Dorsal laminectomy with stabilization decreases the incidence of recurrence of clinic signs compared to dorsal laminectomy without stabilization

0% reported recurrence with stabilization
3 - 37% reported recurrence without stabilization

Tanoue et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 25

What is the typical MRI appearance of post-ictal changes in the brain on each of the following sequences? T2: FLAIR: T1: T1 + C: ## Footnote Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Answer 25

**T2:** Hyperintense **FLAIR:** Hyperintense **T1:** Iso to hypointense **T1 + C:** Non-contrast enhancing ## Footnote Maeso et al, 2022 - JAVMA

Question 26

Of cats with head trauma that present with skull fractures, what % will display neurologic abnormalities? ## Footnote Mann et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 26

Nearly 30% ## Footnote Mann et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 27

What **2** CT findings in dogs with TBI less than 72h prior, were found to be negatively associated with survival? ## Footnote Mann et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 27

Ventricular asymmetry Hemorrhage ## Footnote Mann et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 28

What CT finding in cats with TBI less than 72h prior, was found to be negatively associated with survival? ## Footnote Mann et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 28

Intracranial hemorrhage ## Footnote Mann et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 29

What was the sensitivity and specificity for **short-** and **long-term** survival of cats with TBI less than 72 h prior who had a Koret CT Score (KCTS) < 3? ## Footnote Mann et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 29

100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for short-term survival 100% sensitivity and 80% specificity for long-term survival ## Footnote Mann et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 30

What was the sensitivity and specificity for **short-** and **long-term** survival of cats with TBI less than 72 h prior who had a modified Glasgow coma scale (MGCS) of greater than 12? ## Footnote Mann et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 30

100% sensitivity and specificity for short term survival 100% sensitivity and 80% specificity for long-term survival ## Footnote Mann et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 31

When using the "pop sensation" method of identifying epidural space during an LS epidural injection using a Tuohy needle in cats, what % of attempts resulted in CSF outflow and what does this mean for needle location? ## Footnote Rondelli et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 31

92% resulted in CSF Using this method results in the needle typically passing beyond the epidural space and into the subarachnoid space ## Footnote Rondelli et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 32

What is different about the medications that can be administered into the subarachnoid space compaired to the epidural space? ## Footnote Rondelli et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 32

The subdural space requires low volume, preservative free drugs Whereas the epidural space and use higher volumes of regular anesthetics and adjunctives without complications ## Footnote Rondelli et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 33

In what % of cats with diskospondylitis was spinal hyperesthesia present?

Answer 33

100%

Question 34

In what % of cats with diskospondylitis were neurologic deficits appreciated? ## Footnote Gomes et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 34

About 65% ## Footnote Gomes et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 35

What was the most common clinical sign associated with cognitive dysfunction in cats and how many cats with cognitive dysfunction displayed this clinical sign? ## Footnote MacQuiddy et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 35

Vocalizing 40% of cats with cognitive dysfunction ## Footnote MacQuiddy et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 36

What was the 1 variable that was associated with risk of developing cognitive dysfunction in cats? ## Footnote MacQuiddy et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 36

Environment was the only significant variable with urban cats having a higher risk of cognitive dynsfunction than rural cats ## Footnote MacQuiddy et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 37

What acronym can be used to remember the clinical signs associated with cognitive dysfunction in cats and what does each letter stand for? ## Footnote MacQuiddy et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 37

VISHDAAL **V**ocalization **I**nteraction changes **S**leep-wake Cycle **H**ouse-soiling **D**isorientation **A**ctivity level changes **A**nxiety **L**earning and memory ## Footnote MacQuiddy et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 38

What type of **interictal** behavior changes have been associated with feline hippocampal necrosis? ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 38

Unprovoked aggressive Rapid running ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 39

What is the typical appearance of a seizure in a cat with feline hyppocampal necrosis? ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 39

Uni- or bilateral orofacial or head twitching Hypersalivation Lip smacking Mydriasis Vocalization Motionless staring ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 40

What is the typical seizure progression of cats with feline hippocampal necrosis? ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 40

Start initially as focal facial seizures, then progress to generalized seizures, then status epilepticus that is refractory to antiepileptic treatment and typically leads to euthanasia ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 41

What condition in people does feline hippocampal necrosis appear most similar to? ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 41

Autoimmune limbic encephalitis ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 42

The following MRI images of the brains of cats are most consistent with what condition? ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 42

Feline Hippocampal Necrosis Note the swollen and T2 and FLAIR hyperintense hippocampi ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 43

What are the typical MRI findings in cats with feline hippocampal necrosis? Location: T2: T2 FLAIR: T1: T1+C: ## Footnote Scalie et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 43

**Location:** Hippocampus and piriform lobes **T2:** Hyperintense **T2 FLAIR:** Hyperintense **T1:** Hypointense **T1+C:** Contrast enhancing ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 44

How might neoplasia play a roled in feline hippocampal necrosis? ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 44

In people the similar disease (limbic encephalitis causing temporal lobe epilepsy) a paraneoplasic cause for the auto-immune reaction was seen in up to 20% of cases ## Footnote Scalia et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 45

What affect does phenobarbital administration have on hepatic enzymes or other biochemical measures **in cats**? ## Footnote Hermans et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 45

Phenobarbital does **not** impact hepatic enzyme levels or cause other biochemical abnnormalities in cats ## Footnote Hermans et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 46

What were the most common regions of the body affected in sphinx cats with paroxysmal diskinesia?

Answer 46

Hips and pelvic limbs (90%) Shoulders and thoracic limbs (80%)

Question 47

What is the typical age of onset of paroxysmal dyskinesia in sphinx cats? ## Footnote James et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 47

< 4 years of age ## Footnote James et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 48

What is the typical progression and QoL impact of paroxysmal dyskinesia in sphinx cats? ## Footnote James et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 48

Some cats will go into spontaneous remission Some have a positive response to acetazolamide Some have persistent signs but none impact QoL ## Footnote James et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 49

What was the most common neuroanatomic localization for cats with neurologic signs due to IVDD? ## Footnote Fowler et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 49

L4 - S3 localization ## Footnote Fowler et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 50

What was the most commonly affected disk space in cats diagnosed with neurologic signs due to IVDD? ## Footnote Fowler et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 50

L6-L7 ## Footnote Fowler et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 51

What % of cats who underwent surgery for IVDD had a positive outcome at the two week post-op recheck? ## Footnote Fowler et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 51

About 90% ## Footnote Fowler et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 52

What was the association between neurologic severity grade and outcome post-surgery in cats treated for IVDD in a 2022 study of 35 cats? ## Footnote Fowler et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 52

There was no statistical associations between presenting neurologic grade and clinical outcome point surgery 3/35 cats (~10%) in the study presented PPDP- ## Footnote Fowler et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 53

In what region of the **normal** feline brain, are ADC values the highest? ## Footnote Lindt et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 53

Hippocampus ## Footnote Lindt et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 54

In what region of the **normal** feline brain, are ADC values the lowest? ## Footnote Lindt et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 54

Cerebellar hemisphere ## Footnote Lindt et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 55

How do ADC values compare between grey and white matter in the **normal** feline brain? ## Footnote Lindt et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 55

ADC values are significantly lower in the white matter compared to the grey matter ## Footnote Lindt et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 56

What in hospital factor may impact the accuracy of the cutaneous trunci response in cats? ## Footnote Tsai and Chang, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 56

Stress Cat owners had a significantly higher rate of intact CTR responses in normal cats when measuring at home, than clinicians did when evaluating the reflex in the hospital ## Footnote Tsai and Chang, 2022 - JFMS

Question 57

What was the overall normal response rate of the cutaneous trunci reflex in normal cats when the test was performed by a clinician? Low Medium High ## Footnote Tsai and Chang, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 57

Low ## Footnote Tsai and Change, 2022 - JFMS

Question 58

What underlying diagnosis was more likely to be associated with MRI findings of brain herniations than other diagnoses in neurologically abnormal cats? ## Footnote Her et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 58

Neoplasia ## Footnote Her et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 59

How did heart rate and blood pressure at presentation relate to the liklihood of MRI evidence of brain herniation in neurologically abnormal cats? ## Footnote Her et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 59

There was no significant difference in heart rate or blood pressure in cats with brain herniation compared to neurologically normal cats without brain herniation ## Footnote Her et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 60

What was the rate of development of post-attenuation neurologic signs in cats with congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts who underwent surgery? ## Footnote Economu et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 60

50% ## Footnote Economu et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 61

What 4 clinical signs are most often associated with Alpha-chloralose (a rodenticide) intoxication? ## Footnote Tegner et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 61

1) Ataxia 2) Tremors 3) Cranial nerve deficits 4) Hyperesthesia ## Footnote Tegner et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 62

What association did meningeal enhancement (without inta-axial lesions or empyema) on MRI have with outcome in cats treated for otitis media/interna? ## Footnote Dutil et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 62

Outcome tended to be poorer when meningeal enhancement was detected on MRI ## Footnote Dutil et al, 2022 - FJMS

Question 63

What association did chronicity have with the likelihood of meningial enhancement on MRI in cats with otitis media interna? ## Footnote Dutil et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 63

Cats with more chronic signs were **less** likely to have meningeal enhancement on MRI ## Footnote Dutil et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 64

Which of the following three IVDD types was the most common type observed in cats? IVDE IVDP ANNPE ## Footnote Bibbiani et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 64

ANNPE ## Footnote Bibbiani et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 65

Cats with multiple sites of IVDD were significantly more likely to have which of the following three types of IVDD? IVDE IVDP ANNPE ## Footnote Bibbiani et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 65

IVDP ## Footnote Bibbiani et al, 2022 - JFMS

Question 66

What is considered the current gold standard for the diagnosis of FIP (all forms)? ## Footnote Thayer et al, 2022 - JFMS

Answer 66

FCoV antigen detection in macrophages of affected tissues via immunostaining (IHC, ICC or IF) Can also be performed on fluid (effusion or CSF) but with variable sensitivity depending on the study ## Footnote Thayer et al, 2022 - JFMS