Journal Articles - 2023

Question 1

Which branch of the facial nerve innervates the nasal gland and lacrimal gland?

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 1

The greater petrosal nerve

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 2

What is the pathway of the greater petrosal nerve and what signals does it carry?

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 2

Arises from the rostral salivary nucleus of the medulla and synapses on the pterygopalatine ganglion before innervating the nasal and lacrimal glands

Composed of parasympathetic fibers

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 3

Dysfunction of the greater petrosal nerve results in what clinical sign?

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 3

Neurogenic KCS +/- concurrent xeromycteria (nasal crusting)

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 4

Which long lasting otic medications may be a rare cause of neurogenic KCS in dogs?

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 4

Florfenicol
Terbinafine

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 5

In dogs who developed neurogenic KCS after treatment with the long acting otic medications florenicol and terbinafine, within what time frame did tear production return to normal after discontinuation?

How was this timeline impacted by the development of concurrent neurologic deficits

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 5

Within 1 - 7 months

This was not impacted by whether or not they developed concurrent neurologic deficits

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 6

How quickly did neurogenic KCS develop in dogs treated with the long acting otic medications forfenicol and terbinafine in all affected animals?

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 6

Within one day of starting therapy

Bercovits et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 7

How does the risk for development of cryptococcosis differ for cats compared to dogs?

Answer 7

Cats have an 8 times greater risk for developing cryptococcocus

Question 8

How does the course of disease differ in cats with cryptococcosis compared to dogs?

Jacobson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 8

Cats tend to have a protracted sinonasal infection with late dissemination to other sites including CNS

Dogs often present with acute, severe, life-threatening signs with increased chance for early CNS involvement

Jacobson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 9

What 3 historical, exam, and treatment variables were associated with reduced survival times in dogs diagnosed with cryptococcosus?

Jacobson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 9

1) Abnormal mentation at time of diagnosis

2) Gluccocorticoid administration prior to diagnosis

3) Treatment with a single antifungal rather than multiple antifungals

Jacobson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 10

What were the typical CSF findings noted in dogs with CNS cryptococcosus and in what % of those dogs were fungal organisms identified in the CSF?

Jacobson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 10

Marked eosinophilic pleocytosis

Cytococcal organisms were seen in the CSF of 50% of cases

Jacobson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 11

What were the typical CSF findings noted in cats with CNS cryptococcosus and in what % if those cats were fungal organisms identified in the CSF?

Jacobson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 11

Mixed, mononuclear, or neutrophilic pleocytosis

Cryptococcal organisms were seen in the CSF of 70% of cases

Jacobson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 12

What was the median survival time in dogs and cats with CNS cryptoccocuses diagnosed in Australia?

How does this differ from the survival times document in California and why may there be a difference?

Jacobson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 12

MST Dogs - 637 days
MST Cats - 1,556 days

MST (Cali) Dog - 7 days
MST (Cali) Cat - 13 days

Possible there is a difference in virulence between C. neoformans (Australia) and C. gattii (California)

Jacobson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 13

Pathologic changes of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae may be associated with what clinical signs in horses?

Scilimati et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 13

1) Unilateral hind limb lameness
2) Gait abnormalities
3) Back stiffness
4) Lack of hind limb engagement
5) Poor performance in athletic horses

Scilimati et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 14

What was the most common verebral malformation affecting the lumbosacral spine of horses?

Which breed was more predisposed to this malformations?

Scilimati et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 14

L6 having a sacrum-like shaped transverse process

More common in warmbloods

Scilimati et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 15

What impact did age have on the severity of bony changes in the lumbosacral spine of horses?

Scilimati et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 15

The severity of bony changes increased with age

Scilimati et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 16

What impact did sex have on the severity of bony changes in the lumbosacral spine of horses?

Scilimati et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 16

Males had a higher number of moderate changes and a lower number of mild cases compared to females

Scilimati et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 17

What regions of the vertebra may be affected by bony changes in the lumbosacral spine of horses?

Scilimati et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 17

Articular process joints
Intertransverse joints
Sacroiliac joints
Dorsal spinous process

Scilimati et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 18

What was the relationship between volume of the herniated disk and severity of neurologic grade in dogs with type I disk extrusion?

Sakaguchi et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 18

There was a weak positive correlation

This suggests that the volume of extruded material is at least partly responsible for the severity of the presenting neurologic signs

Sakaguchi et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 19

What are the most common complications seen with a partial stylohyoidectomy?

Booth et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 19

1) Transection of the lingual vessels
2) Damage to the hypoglossal nerve due to its proximity to the stylohyoid bone
3) Regrowth of the bone in as early as 6 months

Booth et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 20

In a study evaluating partial ceratohyoidectomy in horses for the treatment of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, what complications were noted?

Booth et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 20

The only complications that were seen where in horses that initially had a complete ceratohyoidectomy planned but had to convert to a partial ceratohyoidectomy part way through due to complications

No complications were noted in patients that underwent a partial ceratohyoidectomy alone

Booth et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 21

What brucella species are considered of greatest one-health significance in the US?

Pinn-Woodcock et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 21

Brucella canis (dogs)
Brucella suis (pigs)
Brucella abortus (cattle)

Pinn-Woodcock et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 22

What specimens are considered high risk for exposure of people to Brucella canis when interacting with Brucella positive dogs?

Pinn-Woodcock et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 22

Urine and feces

Pinn-Woodcock et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 23

What diagnoses have been associated with cervical muscle spasms (cervical myoclonus) in dogs?

Oleander et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 23

The only diagnosis in the Oleander et al, 2023 study was IVDE

Oleander et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 24

In dogs with cervical muscle spasms (cervical myoclonus) what region of the spinal cord were the lesions identified?

Why might this finding be biased?

Oleander et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 24

Between C2 to C5 cervical spine; no extrusion beyond C4-C5 had this clinical sign

In dogs weighing <15kg, the most common site of IVDE in the cervical spine was at C2-C3. The preference cranial location of the disk extrusions in general may have resulted in a statistical bias

Oleander et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 25

What is the most common neurologic disease seen in piglets in the nursery phase (5-10 weeks of age)? ## Footnote Paz et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 25

Meningoencephalitis by infection with streptococcus suis ## Footnote Paz et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 26

What is the typical gross and histologic appearance of Streptococcus suis infection in nursery piglets? ## Footnote Paz et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 26

Gross - Multifocal purulent axudate and marked hyperemia of the blood vessels Histopath - Marked degenerate neutrophilic infiltration of the leptomeninges and ventricles with admixed fibrin deposition and perivascular cuffing with neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells ## Footnote Paz et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 27

What clinical sign in horses may be observed with crowding or overriding of the dorsal spinous processes (aka "kissing spine syndrome")? ## Footnote Pressanto et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 27

Back pain ## Footnote Pressanto et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 28

What is the incidence of dorsal spinous process abnormalities (e.g. overriding DSP) in untrained yearling compared with young trained throughbred horses? What does this suggest about the etiology of these abnormalities? ## Footnote Pressanto et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 28

The incidence of dorsal spinous process abnormalities was the same for both groups This supports a developmental rather than acquired etiology ## Footnote Pressanto et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 29

What was the effect of drug monotherapy between phenobarbital, zonisamide, and Keppra on assessment of QoL by caregrivers of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy? ## Footnote Gristina et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 29

All three drugs resulted in improved QoL when used as monotherapy compared with before treatment QoL ## Footnote Gristina et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 30

Which muscle groups may be impacted by fibrotic myopathy in dogs? ## Footnote Wilson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 30

Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Iliopsoas Sartorius Gracilis* Semitendinoses* * = most common ## Footnote Wilson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 31

What breeds are considered predisposed to fibrotic myopathy? ## Footnote Wilson et al - 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 31

German shepherds (#1!) Doberman Pinschers Saint Bernards Old English Sheepdogs ## Footnote Wilson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 32

How is genetics related to development of fibrotic myopathy in dogs? ## Footnote Wilson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 32

There is evidemce for this being an inhereted disease with a recessive component based on pedigree data of affected German shepherd dogs ## Footnote Wilson et al 2023, JAVMA

Question 33

What impact does concurrent ventral fixation have on recovery and recurrence rates for dogs <15 kg undergoing ventral slot procedures for IVDE? ## Footnote Kikuchi et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 33

There was no difference in post-op recovery or rate of recurrence between dogs treated with ventral slot alone and those trated with ventral slot followed by ventral stabilization ## Footnote Kikuchi et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 34

What percentage of spinal stability does the **articular process joint** supply to the spine of dogs? ## Footnote Aikawa et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 34

30% ## Footnote Aikawa et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 35

What was the source of spinal cord compression in Pekingese dogs with vertebral instability without without articular process abnormalities? ## Footnote Aikawa et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 35

Ligamentous hypertrophy of the anulus fibrosus or dorsal longitudinal ligament ## Footnote Aikawa et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 36

How does the use of video telescope operating monitor (VITOM) compare with conventional surgery for ventral slots with regards to: Post-op decompression Ventral slot dimensions Residual disk material Sinus bleeding Post-op neurologic grade ## Footnote Franker et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 36

There were no significant differences between the two groups for any of the recorded measures ## Footnote Franker et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 37

What are the three most common ocular manifestations of canine dysautonomia? ## Footnote Johnson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 37

1) Deminished pupillary light reflexes 2) Elevated third eyelids 3) Reduced schirmer tear test ## Footnote Johnson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 38

Clinical signs from canine dysautonomia are attributed to what primary patholgic changes? ## Footnote Johnson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 38

Neuronal degeneration resulting in primarily parasympathetic dysfcuntion and to a lesser degree sympathetic and somatic dysfunction ## Footnote Johnson et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 39

Can an avian specific modified gascow coma scale (MGCS) be used as a prognostic indicator for raptors with head trauma? ## Footnote Foss et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Answer 39

Yes Interobserver agreement was good to excellent and a score < 10 was associated with a significantly higher mortality rate compared with a score > 12 ## Footnote Foss et al, 2023 - JAVMA

Question 40

What was the median age of cats with systemic hypertension (BP >160mmHg)? ## Footnote Moretto et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 40

~ 16 years ## Footnote Moretto et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 41

What percentage of cats with systemic hypertension (BP > 160mmHg) had concurrent neurological signs? ## Footnote Moretto et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 41

Just over half (56%) ## Footnote Moretto et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 42

What were the **three** most common neurologic signs in cats displaying signs of hypertensive enchephalopathy? ## Footnote Moretto et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 42

1) Ataxia 2) Seizures 3) Altered behaviors Other signs include paresis, pleurosthotonus, cervical ventral flexion, stupor, and facial paralysis ## Footnote Moretto et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 43

What percentage of cats with neurologic signs from hypertensive encephalopathy had retinal lesions noted on fundic exam? ## Footnote Moretto et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 43

Just over 90% ## Footnote Moretto et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 44

What concurrent examination finding may be supportive of hypertensive encephalopathy in an older cat presenting with neurologic signs? ## Footnote Moretto et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 44

Retinal lesions on fundic examination ## Footnote Moretto et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 45

Between perilymph and endolymph within the inner ear, which has a composition more similar to that of CSF?

Answer 45

Perilymph

Question 46

What is the expected appearance of a normal inner ear on T2 and FLAIR MRI sequences in cats? What is the hypothesis behind this appearance? ## Footnote Everest et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 46

Strongly T2 hyperintense; FLAIR suppressing The perilymph has similar compusition to CSF and therefore should have similar intensity on MRI sequences ## Footnote Everest et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 47

What is the typical MRI appearance of the inner ear stuctures in cats with otitis media/interna on the following sequences? T2: T2 FLAIR: ## Footnote Everest et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 47

The inner ear structures are typically hyperintense on T2 and fail to fully supress on FLAIR (normally perilymph suprpesses similar to CSF) ## Footnote Everest et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 48

What is a "positioning head tilt"? ## Footnote Tamura et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 48

A head tilt which is seen only when turning the head. The tilt occurs in the opposite direction to the direction the head is turning. ## Footnote Tamura et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 49

A "positioning head tilt" is though to occur due to lack of inhibition of vestibular nuclei due to dysfuntion of what regions of the cerebellum? ## Footnote Tamura et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 49

The cerebellar nodulus and uvula (NU) ## Footnote Tamura et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 50

What uncommon neurologic exam finding that is usually associated with dysfunction of specific regions of the cerebellum, can also be seen in cats with hypokalemic myelopathy? ## Footnote Tamura et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 50

A 'positioning head tilt' | No cerebellar abnormalities were noted on MRI in these patients ## Footnote Tamura et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 51

What is one of the most common clinical exam features seen in cats with hypokelmic mylopathy? ## Footnote Tamura et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 51

Cervical ventroflexion Generalized weakness also common ## Footnote Tamura et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 52

In a study of 18 cats who were **successfully** treated for FIP, how many had a confirmed relapse of FIP within the first 1 year followup period? ## Footnote Zwicklbauer et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 52

None Though 2 cats develops feline hyperesthesia that later resolved ## Footnote Zwicklbauer et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 53

In a study of 307 cats treated with commercially available Remdesivir or GS-441524, what % of cats experienced a relapse of symptoms and about how many experienced the relapse during treatment vs after completing treatment?

Answer 53

About 10% relapsed About half during and half after treatment

Question 54

In a study of 307 cats treated with commercially available Remdesivir or GS-441524 what finding was associated with a significantly higher liklihood of being alive at the end of the initial treatment period? ## Footnote Taylor et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 54

Complete resolution of clinical signs within the first 30 days of treatment ## Footnote Taylor et al 2023, JFMS

Question 55

Of 9 cats treated with phenobarbital **once daily** for the management of presumptive idiopathic epilepsy, how many achieved satesfactory seizure control? ## Footnote Mojarradi et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 55

8 had complete resolution of their seizures 1 had good seizure control ## Footnote Mojarradi et al. 2023 - JFMS

Question 56

What is the incidence of presumptive idiopathic epilepsy in cats with recurrent seizures based on a variety of studies? ## Footnote Mojarradi et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 56

22 - 75% of cats with recurrent seizures depending on the study (mutliple studies have suggest ~20-30%) ## Footnote Mojarradi et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 57

In cats with cranial thoracic (T1 - T6) myelopathy, what were the 2 most common diagnoses? ## Footnote Benito et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 57

1) Neoplasia (40%) 2) Inflamatory (24%) ## Footnote Benito et al, 2023 - JFMS

Question 58

What % of cats who underwent surgery for an intracranial meningioma, had their pre-operative neurologic signs resolve following recovery from surgery? ## Footnote Koch et al, 2023 - JFMS

Answer 58

95% ## Footnote Kock et al, 2023 - JFMS