Kerboodle 14

Question 1

a hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex

Answer 1

Corticosteroid/glucocorticoid/aldosterone/cortisol/corticosterone

Question 2

b ductless gland

Answer 2

Endocrine

Question 3

c cell whose metabolism is altered by the binding of a hormone

Answer 3

Target (cell)

Question 4

d coordinated response of an animal to a threat stimulus

Answer 4

Fight or flight response

Question 5

e neurotransmitter released by sympathetic neurones with similar effects to the hormone adrenaline

Answer 5

Noradrenalin(e)

Question 6

2 Describe the difference between:

a the roles of insulin and glucagon

Answer 6

Insulin promotes absorption of glucose by cells but glucagon causes glucose to be released from cells Insulin causes glucose to be converted to glycogen but glucagon causes glycogen to be hydrolysed to glucose Insulin affects, liver and muscle/all body cells, but glucagon acts on liver only

Question 7

2 Describe the difference betweenb type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 7

1 (usually), starts in childhood/juvenile-onset, but 2 starts, later in life/middle age 1 requires insulin treatment but 2 may be controlled by diet 1 due to autoimmune attack on β cells but 2 due to decline in responsiveness (of target cells) to insulin or β cells do not produce enough insulin

Question 8

2 Describe the difference betweenc hormonal and neuronal communication.

Answer 8

Hormonal slow versus neuronal fast Hormonal chemical communication versus neuronal electrical Hormonal ‘message’ carried in blood versus neuronal by neurones Hormonal long-lasting effects versus neuronal short-term effects Hormonal widespread effects versus neuronal localised effect

Question 9

c i State two advantages of treating type 1 diabetes by using insulin that has been produced by genetically modified bacteria rather than insulin that has been extracted from pigs.

Answer 9

Idea of plentiful/dependable, supply cheap Not cruel to pigs/more ethical No religious objections/can be used by vegetarians Reliable, quality/standard (exact match to) human insulin/no allergic reaction

Question 10

ii A potential treatment for type 1 diabetes is the use of stem cells. State an advantage of this form of treatment compared to treatment using insulin.

Answer 10

(has the potential to) cure/do more than manage, the condition Long term effect/permanent/no need for repeated treatments

Question 11

. iii Adrenaline affects a range of target tissues in the body. Suggest how the adrenaline molecules can cause different effects in different target tissues.

Answer 11

Different tissues have different (types of adrenaline) receptors (causing) cAMP concentration to increase or decrease Second messenger (may be) different cAMP/second messenger, activates, different/other, enzymes/enzyme reactions (in different target cells)

Question 12

b Outline the hormonal and nervous mechanisms involved in the control of heart rate.

Answer 12

Adrenalin(e) increases, heart rate/stroke volume/cardiac output Cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata idea of nervous connection to, SAN/sinoatrial node (which) controls frequency of waves of, excitation/depolarisation Vagus/parasympathetic, nerve decreases heart rate Accelerator/sympathetic, nerve increases heart rate High blood pressure detected by, stretch receptors/baroreceptors Low blood pH/increased levels of blood CO2, detected by chemoreceptors (receptors) in, aorta/carotid sinus/carotid arteries