Key Associations Flashcards
2
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
4
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
5
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)
6
Q
Aneurysm, dissecting
A
Hypertension
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A
Atherosclerosis
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
A
Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
9
Q
Atrophy of the mamillary bodies
A
Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
10
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia (HbS)
11
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H. Pylori
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
14
Q
Benign melanocytic nevus
A
Spitz nevus (most common in the first two decades)
15
Q
Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)
16
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
17
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
18
Q
Breast cancer
A
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the United States, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
19
Q
Breast mass
A
- Fibrocystic change 2. Carcinoma (in post menopausal women)
20
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Fibroadenoma
21
Q
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
22
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
23
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
- Metastasis 2. Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium, “ball and valve”)
24
Q
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
25
Q
Chronic arrhythmia
A
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
26
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
27
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
28
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (Type 1: postmenopausal woman; type 2: elderly man or woman)
29
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
30
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
31
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
32
Constrictive pericarditis
Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)
33
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
34
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/ hypothyroidism
35
Cushing's syndrome
1. Corticosteroid therapy 2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary 3. Small cell lung carcinoma
36
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
37
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
38
Death in CML
Blast crisis
39
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
40
Dementia
1. Alzheimer's disease 2. Multiple infarcts
41
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple Sclerosis
42
DIC
Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma
43
Dietary deficit
Iron
44
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
45
Ejection click
Aortic/ pulmonic stenosis
46
Esophageal cancer`
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
47
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
48
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
49
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
50
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
51
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)
52
Helminth infection (U.S.)
1. Enterobius vermicularis 2. Ascaris lumbricoides
53
Hematoma- epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
54
Hematoma- subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
55
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes", and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
56
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C)
57
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand's disease
58
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
59
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
60
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
61
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
62
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
63
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
64
Hypoparathryoidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
66
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
67
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
68
Kidney stones
1. Calcium = radiopaque 2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) 3. Uric acid = radiolucent
69
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L -> R becomes R -> L
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
70
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
71
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher's disease
72
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
73
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin's lymphoma
74
Malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
75
Mental retardation
1. Down Syndrome 2. Fragile X syndrome
76
Metastases to bone
Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
77
Metastases to brain
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
78
Metastases to liver
Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
79
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
80
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
81
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
82
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
83
Neoplasm (kids)
1. ALL 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
84
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
85
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
86
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome
87
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
88
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
89
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
90
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia
91
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
92
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
93
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
94
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
95
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystademona
96
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
97
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
98
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
99
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult about 60, CML: adult 30-60
100
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
101
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
102
Pituitary tumor
1. Prolactinoma 2. Somatotropic "acidophile" adenoma
103
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45XO)
104
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
105
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
106
Primary hyperparathyroidism
1. Adenomas 2. Hyperplasia 3. Carcinoma
107
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin)
108
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
109
Recurrent inflammation/ thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
110
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
111
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
112
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling (L-> R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
113
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
114
Secondary hyperparathyoidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
115
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
116
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
117
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
118
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
119
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
120
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
121
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
122
t(8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
123
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
124
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
125
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
126
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
127
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
128
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
129
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
130
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
131
Type of Hodgkin's
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
132
Type of non-Hodgkin's
Diffuse large cell
133
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (sexually active young women)
134
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
135
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
136
Most common brain tumor of childhood?
Pilocytic astrocytoma -- usually in cerebellum, Rosenthal fibers on histo, better prognosis than medulloblastoma...
