Renal/Repro/Resp

Question 1

Mannitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 1

Osmotic diuretic; used to treat drug overdose and increased ICP; pulmonary edema, CHF Pharmacology Renal

Question 1

Acetazolamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 1

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; used for glaucoma, metabolic alklalosis; hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, ammonia toxicity, sulfa allergy Pharmacology Renal

Question 2

Furosemide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 2

Inhibits NKCC channel, preventing urine concentration; used in hypertension, CHF, hypercalcemia; ototoxicity, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, nephritis, gout, sulfa allergy Pharmacology Renal

Question 3

Ethacrynic acid (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 3

Inhibits NKCC channel; used in patients with furosemide (sulfa) allergy; hyperuricemia Pharmacology Renal

Question 4

Hydrochlorothiazide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 4

Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in DCT and increases Ca reabsorption; hypertension and hypercalcinuria; hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia, sulfa allergy Pharmacology Renal

Question 5

Spironolactone, eplerenone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 5

Aldosterone receptor antagonists; hyperaldosteronism, CHF, hypokalemia; hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), antiandrogen effects with spironolactone Pharmacology Renal

Question 6

Triamterene, amiloride (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 6

Block sodium channels in cortical collecting duct; hyperaldosteronism, CHF Pharmacology Renal

Question 7

Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 7

ACE inhibitor, leads to reduced angiotensin II levels and decreases GFR; prevents heart remodeling, hypertension, CHF; cough, angioedema, transient creatinine increase, hyperkalemia Pharmacology Renal

Question 8

Losartan, valsartan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 8

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; similar to ACE inhibitors, but do not cause cough due to normal metabolism of bradykinin Pharmacology Renal

Question 9

Leuprolide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 9

GnRH analog that acts as an agonist in pulsatile doses and an antagonist in continuous doses; used as an agonist for infertility and an antagonist for prostate cancer, fibroids, and precocious puberty; antiandrogenic Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 10

Finasteride (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 10

5-alpha reductase inhibitor; used for BPH and male-pattern baldness Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 11

Flutamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 11

Testosterone receptor antagonist; used in prostate cancer Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 12

Ketoconazole (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 12

Inhibits 17,20-desmolase, stopping sex steroid synthesis; used to treat polycystic ovarian syndrome Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 13

Clomiphene (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 13

Partial estrogen agonist in the hypothalamus, increases release of LH and FSH, stimulating ovulation; used for infertility and PCOS Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 14

Tamoxifen (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 14

Estrogen receptor antagonist at the breast; used for breast cancer; partial agonist at the uterus, can cause endometrial hyperplasia Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 15

Raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 15

Estrogen receptor agonist at bone, inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity; used to treat osteoporosis Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 16

Anastrozole, exemestane (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 16

Aromatase inhibitors; used in breast cancer Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 17

Mifepristone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 17

Progesterone receptor antagonist, given with misoprostol for abortion; abortifacient; bleeding, abdominal pain Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 18

Terbutaline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 18

Beta-2 agonist, inhibits uterine contractions Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 19

Tamsulosin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 19

Alpha-1 antagonist; used to treat BPH Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 20

Sildenafil, vardenafil (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 20

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, causing inc. cGMP levels and smooth muscle relaxation; used in erectile dysfunction; impaired blue-green vision, contradindicated with nitrates Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 21

Danazol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 21

Partial androgen receptor agonist; used to treat endometriosis and hereditary angioedema; weight gain, acne, hirsutism, low HDL, hepatoxicity Pharmacology Reproductive

Question 22

Treat methemoglobinemia with

Answer 22

Methylene blue Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 23

Diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 23

(First generation) H1 antagonists; used in allergies, motion sickness, insomnia; sedation, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, and antimuscarinic effects due to CNS penetration Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 24

Loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, cetrizine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 24

H1 antagonists; used in allergies; less fatigue than other antihistamines due to decreased CNS penetration Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 25

Albuterol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 25

Short-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 26

Salmeterol, formoterol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 26

Long-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma; tremor, arrhythmias Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 27

Theophylline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 27

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and causes bronchodilation; asthma; cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 28

Ipratropium (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 28

Muscarinic antagonist, prevents bronchoconstriction; asthma and COPD Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 29

Beclomethasone, fluticasone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 29

Inhibit cytokine synthesis, reducing inflammation due to asthma Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 30

Montelukast, zafirlukast (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 30

Leukotriene receptor antagonists; especially useful in aspirin-induced asthma Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 31

Zileuton (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 31

Inhibits activity of 5-lipoxygenase, inhibiting leukotriene production; reduces inflammation Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 32

Omalizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 32

Anti-IgE antibody; used in refractory allergic asthma Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 33

Guaifenesin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 33

Thins respiratory secretions Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 34

N-acetylcysteine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 34

Loosens mucus plugs; used in CF patients and as an antidote to acetominaphen posioning Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 35

Bosentan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 35

Antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, reducing vascular resistance in the pulmonary vessels; used in pulmonary hypertension Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 36

Dextromethorphan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 36

Antagonizes NMDA receptors, inhibiting coughing; produces opioid effects in large doses and carries mild abuse potential Pharmacology Respiratory

Question 37

Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Answer 37

Alpha-1 agonists that reduce edema and nasal congestion; rhinitis; hypertension, quick tolerance (recurrence of symptoms despite continued treatment) Pharmacology Respiratory