kidney

Question 1

the kidney consits of ?

Answer 1

10-18 renal lobes, which are divided into an outer cortex and an inner medullary pyramid

Question 2

what are the renal cortex that extend between medullary pyramids?

Answer 2

coloumns of bertini

Question 3

what are cortical lobules bordered on their sides with?

Answer 3

interlobular arteries which br. from he arcuate arteries and they br. from interlobar arteriers which come from the renal arteries

Question 4

what is the convoluted part of the cortical lobule?

Answer 4

is where the proximal and distal convoluted tubules fill the cortical region between the interlobular artery and the medullary ray

Question 5

what envelops the kidney?

Answer 5

fibrous capsule, under which stellate veins of the outer cortex and capsules are seen

Question 6

what are the major divions of the nephron?

Answer 6

• renal corpuscles
• proximal convoluted tubules
• loop of henle
• distal conoluted tubules
• collecting tubule and duct
• minor calyx

Question 7

in the renal corpuscles we can observe:

Answer 7

• glomerulus
• bowman’s capsule
• vascular pole
• podocyted (squamous epithelial cells)
• urinary pole

Question 8

bowman’s capsule:

Answer 8

double walled membranous capsule, has a parietal layer and a visceral layer. the space between the two layers is the urinary space

Question 9

where is cytoplasmic granules observed?

Answer 9

at the vascular pole, in the tunica media of afferent arteriole, modified smooth muscle cells

Question 10

the cells of the cytoplasmic granules (name and function)?

Answer 10

juxtaglomerular cells, and the secrete renin

Question 11

what is the proximal convuluted tubule continuous with ?

Answer 11

urinary pole, lined by cuboidal cells

Question 12

what features are distinct about the proximal convoluted tubules?

Answer 12

simple, tall, cuboidal cells. contains a prominent apical bursh border composed of long microvilli, strongly eosinophilic, round euchromatic nuclei. strations in the basal cytoplasm correspond to elongated mitochondria

Question 13

what features are distinct about the loop of henle?

Answer 13

lined by smaller cells than the C.T (convoluted tubules)

Question 14

information about the thin descending limb?

Answer 14

located in the outer medullary zone, where the thick descending limb narrows

Question 15

what is charecteristic about the thin limb?

Answer 15

cuboidal epithelium, flattened nuclei, bulging into the lumen, and there is no brush border

Question 16

the transition of the thin ascending limb to the thick ascending limb shows?

Answer 16

size of the lining cells increase, and the vertical arrangement of mitochondria in the basal part of the cell exhibits basal striations. and has no bursh border

Question 17

distal convoluted tubule is a continuation of, and is lined by?

Answer 17

thick ascending limb in the cortex which is lined by cuboidal cells that are smaller than the PCT cells and has no brush border, which display totuous course

Question 18

what and where is the macula densa?

Answer 18

in the region of distal tubules, adjacent to the vascular pole. composed of closely packed taller cells. and is very dark basophilic

Question 19

what functional unit does the macula densa form?

Answer 19

the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 20

the terminal portion of the distal convoluted tubule enter the?

Answer 20

collecting duct, which is situated in the medullary rays of the cortical lobules.

Question 21

the renal papilla, and what does it do?

Answer 21

collects the secretory products from the wide papillary duct

Question 22

what is the largest collecting duct, and what is it lined by?

Answer 22

ducts of bellini, papillary ducts lined by tall coloumnar cells, these cells have pale eosinophilic and are domed shaped on the apical surface.

Question 23

what opens to the minor calyx?

Answer 23

ducts of bellini, open to it at the tip of the papilla. the opening area is called area cribrosa. lined by coloumnar, cuboidal cells

Question 24

what covers the calyceal wall?

Answer 24

transitional epithilium

Question 25

what does the adventitia cover?

Answer 25

covers the longitudinal arranged smooth muscle cells which form a layer that is covered by the connective tissue adventitia

Question 26

where does the urine enter after the minor calyx?

Answer 26

enters the major clayx which is continued to the funnel pelvis

Question 27

what is around the calyces?

Answer 27

fatty connective tissue fills the space of the renal sinus, interlobular branches of the renal artery and vein are also embedded into this fatty tissue

Question 28

why do we use Tri-pas staining in the kidney?

Answer 28

to demonstrate the brush border of proximal tubule cells. and the carbohydrate components of glycocalyx on the surface of the microvilli.

Question 29

what do the efferent arterioles of the juxtamedulary corpuscles do?

Answer 29

they dip into the medulla along hte loop of henle and break up into bundles of thin walled longituduinal vessels called ARTERIOLE RECTAE

Question 30

what are the venulae rectae?

Answer 30

are straight veins which make a hairpin turn and run back toward the cortico-medullary junction

Question 31

what is the vasa recta surrounded by?

Answer 31

descending and ascending segments of henle’s loops