Kidney II Flashcards

(66 cards)

1
Q

What are the names of the collecting ducts (in order)

A

arched collecting tubule
cortical collecting tubule
medullary collecting tubule
papillary duct

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2
Q

What structure connects the nephron to the collecting duct

A

arched collecting tubule

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3
Q

What structures make up the look of henle

A

proximal straight tubule
thin tubule
distal straight tubule

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4
Q

What are the names of the two nephrons

A
cortical nephron 
juxtacorticomedullary nephron (or cortico-medullary nephron)
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5
Q

The cortical nephron has a (long/short) loop

A

short

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6
Q

Where does the cortical nephron extend to

A

outer medulla

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7
Q

the juxtocorticalmedullary nephron has a (long/short) loop that extends down to…

A

long…renal papilla

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8
Q

85% of the kidney is made up of (cortical/cortical-medullary nephrons)

A

cortical

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9
Q

What are the three structural components of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulous
urinary space
outer limiting membrane (parietal layer or Bowmans capsule)

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10
Q

What are the three cells located in the glomerulous

A
  • podocyte
  • mesangial cell
  • endothelial cells (capillaries)
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11
Q

Where does blood filtration take place

A

glomerulous

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12
Q

Urinary space collects

A

glucose, amino acids, etc that filter out of the blood

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13
Q

Where are podocytes located

A

Sits on top of capillary and buldges into urinary space

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14
Q

T/F: All cells in the glomerulus (3) take part in the filtration barrier

A

T

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15
Q

Function of the mesangial cell

A

produces mesangium which holds the complex together

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16
Q

Morphology of mesangial cell

A

acidophilic (only one with cytoplasm that stains)

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17
Q

Where are you most likely to find a podocyte

A

on the edge of the glomerulous

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18
Q

What are the two points of interruption on the renal corpuscle

A

Urinary and vascular poles

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19
Q

What is the urinary pole

A

Where the proximal convoluted tubule is continuous with bowman capsule

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20
Q

What is the vascular pole

A

Where the efferent vessel goes out and the afferent vessel goes in

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21
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of a normal (not diseased) renal corpuscle

A
  • Glomerulous: round and uniform
  • Nuclei: Uniformly dispersed and don’t touch on another
  • Mesangium- not excessive
  • Capillaries: Uniformly thin
  • Arterioles: No sub endothelial CT
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22
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Bacteria

A

No

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23
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Small proteins

A

Yes

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24
Q

Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman’s space(filtration barrier): Glucose

A

Yes

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25
Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman's space(filtration barrier): Large proteins
no
26
Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman's space(filtration barrier): Negatively charged protein
no
27
Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman's space(filtration barrier): Nitrogenous wastes
yes
28
Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman's space(filtration barrier): Platelets
no
29
Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman's space (filtration barrier): water
yes
30
Does the follow cross the barrier from the blood to the Bowman's space(filtration barrier): Blood cells
no
31
What are the 3 components of the filtration barrier
Endothelium of capillaries, basal lamina, pedicles of podocytes
32
Describe the endothelium of the capillaries involved in the filtration barrier
fenestrated with no diaphragms
33
What role do the pedicles have in the filtration barrier
controls the movement of the border
34
All membranes in the filtration barrier are (positively/negatively) charged
negatively
35
Name a felw molecules that are able to move from the capillaries into the urinary space
NaCl, glucose, water, nitrogenous wastes, small amino acids, and small proteins
36
What are the membranous structures between the pedicels of the podocytes called
Filtration slit
37
In an EM how can you tell the cell you are looking at is a podocyte
Because you will see processes from the cell attaching to the capillary
38
What structures would a molecule from the blood have to penetrate to get into the urinary space
- Fenestrated endothelium in capillary - basement membrane (Lamina lucida, densa, lucida, reticular). - Membrane of filtration slit - Urinary space
39
Membranes of filtration slits connect...
Adjacent pedicels
40
What component of the collecting tubules stains with PAS
basal lamina
41
What structures lie in between the tubules and ducts
- Capillaries - collagen fibers (green with - Basal lamina - Occasionally big arteries - Type I erythropoietin cell (stimulates RBC production)
42
Key morphological features for recognizing proximal tubules (straight or convoluted) LM
- Irregular luminal surface (due to damaged brush border) - Acidophilic cytoplasm - Absence of cell borders - (If stained with PAS) PAS+ glycocalyx
43
Morphology of Proximal tubule EM
- Microvilli (brush border) - Canaliculi (invaginations in basement membrane) - Endocytotic vesicles (take up proteins lost in filtration) - Terminal bars - A lot Mitochondria (basal striations) - Basolateral interdigitations
44
Are proximal tubules highly polarized?
yes
45
Key morphologies of distal tubules (straight and convoluted) LM
- Smaller and less acidophilic than proximal tubules - Smooth lumenal surface (no brush border) - Nuclei touch the surface of cells - No cell borders
46
T/F: Macula densa is a markers for a proximal tubules
F (marker for distal tubule)
47
What are the structures in the proximal tubule but not in the distal tubule (EM)
- Microvilli (brush border) | - Canaliculi
48
What are the structures that the proximal and distal tubules share
- Terminal bar (junctional complex) - Basolateral interdigitations - Mitochrondrai (basal striations)
49
Key morphologies for thin tubule (LM)
- Narrow diameter and lumen - Simple squamous epithelium - 1 or 2 cells with nuclei that budge into lumen - Pale staining cytoplasm - Two cell surfaces can be seen
50
Key morphologies for thin tubule (EM)
- Junctional complexes (weak ZO-tight junctions) - Few organelles (most prominent is mitochondria) - No brush border, canaliculi, basolateral interdigitations, and basal enfoldings
51
Key morphologies for collecting tubules (LM)
- Simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium - Central spherical nucleus - Borders between cells - Poorly stained cytoplasm - Halo around nucleus
52
What are the two regions of the cortex
- pars convoluta | - pars radiata
53
What are the two divisions of the medulla
outer and inner medulla
54
what are the two divisions of the outer medulla
outer and inner stripe
55
What structures are found in the pars convoluta
- proximal and distal convoluted tubules | - Arched collecting tubules
56
What structures are founds in the pars radiata
- Proximal and distal striaght tubules | - Cortical collecting tubules
57
What structures are found in the outer stripe of the outer medulla
- proximal and distal straight tubules | - medullary collecting tubules
58
What structures are found on the inner stripe of the outer medulla
- Thin tubule - Distal straight tubule - Medullary collecting tubule
59
What structures are found in the inner medulla
- Thin tubules | - Papillary ducts (ducts of Bellini)
60
What are the 4 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (J-G apparatus)
- Afferent arteriole - Efferent arteriol - Extraglomerular mesangial cells - Macula Densa
61
Modified smooth muscle cells in the afferent and some efferent arterioles are... cells
J-G cells (juxtaglomerular)
62
The modified J-G cells produce an enzyme called
renin
63
Physiological significance of renin
enzyme that begins the cascade that gives rise to angiotensin II which results in a rise in blood pressure
64
What is the role of the extraglomerular mesangial cell
Forms a cushion between the arterioles and distal tubule
65
In the medulla densa the cells on the opposite end of the tubule are (shorter/taller) than the cells on the other side
taller
66
(Afferent/Efferent) arteriole have greater amounts of smooth muscle
afferent