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Flashcards in Klicker Chapter 8 Deck (82)
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1
Q

In Scandinavia, cremation began in the _____________

A

Middle Bronze Age

2
Q

Cremation continued as the favored method of disposition until

A

10th Century AD

3
Q

Cremation’s popularity in northern Europe was based on two new ideas about the afterlife

A

Cremation kept the spirits of the dead from harming the living
Cremation freed the spirit

4
Q

Widely practices throughout these countries, the stage was set for cremation to remain the disposition of choice

A
Europe
Greece
Scandinavia
India
China
5
Q

Members of the Cult of Osiris believed those who had shunned evil would have a prosperous afterlife, for which it was necessary to preserve the body in its most perfect form, leading them to embark on what?

A

Mummification

6
Q

The effects of the beliefs of the Cult of Osiris filtered into what religions?

A

Hebrew and early Christian

7
Q

Cremation was prevalent in Rome until when?

A

The first century after Christ

8
Q

Christians emulated _____________- by gradually replacing the ancient tradition with tomb burial which became the preferred disposition for 1900 years

A

Christ’s entombment

9
Q

When was the first cremation in the United States held?

A

December 6, 1876

10
Q

How long after the first cremation in the US did the practice become popular?

A

80 years later

11
Q

The ’60s was a decade of

A

Change

12
Q

The ’70s was a decade of

A

Resistance

13
Q

The ’80s was a decade of

A

Transition

14
Q

The ’90s was a decade of

A

Fine-Tuning

15
Q

The 21st Century is the

A

Age of Acceptance

16
Q

During the early 1960s, funeral practice was somewhat typical throughout the US. Almost every deceased body was

A

Embalmed, dressed, casketed, and a funeral was held and burial or cremation followed

17
Q

If cremated in the early 1960s, what happened to the cremated remains?

A

They were inurned in a niche or buried in a cemetery

18
Q

Things changed remarkably in 1963. Why?

A

Jessica Mitford’s book The American way of death was released

19
Q

What stopped Jessica Mitford’s book from gaining more popularity than it did?

A

Assassination of JFK

20
Q

Instead of responding to consumer change in a positive, creative fashion, what did most funeral directors do?

A

Resisted cremation and other non-traditional services

21
Q

The funeral directors mindset in the 60s was what?

A

Traditional funerals were the only appropriate kind of funeral

22
Q

Many funeral directors imposed their own beliefs on families who desired simplistic ways o coping with death, thus creating what?

A

A roadblock to their caregiving

23
Q

There was a ____________ to not selling an embalmed casket service

A

Negative Economic effect

24
Q

Most funeral homes did not have adequate facilities to hold these

A

Unembalmed bodies

25
Q

Funeral directors had ______________________ in dealing with nontraditional families and services

A

Very Little preparation or training

26
Q

During the late 1960s, the US population was becoming

A

More diverse and mobile

27
Q

Family structure was changing in the late 60s, and rituals that were appropriate for nuclear and extended families were not as functional for

A

Fragmented families

28
Q

Society in general in the late 60s was becoming

A

Non-churched

29
Q

This caused many people to question American tradition

A

Vietnam War

30
Q

Baby boomers expressed themselves verbally by

A

Questioning authority

31
Q

Parents and grandparents of baby boomers expressed themselves non-verbally by

A

Not having funerals for the deceased loved ones

32
Q

During the times of radical social change of the 1960s, many funeral directors were turning their backs on consumers who were not subscribing to

A

Traditional funerals

33
Q

Funeral homes simply refused to serve whom?

A

Simple Cremation families

34
Q

Some funeral homes would do what to discourage simple cremation families?

A

Charge unjustified prices

35
Q

A cremation society in Southern California

A

Telophase

36
Q

A cremation society in Northern California

A

Neptune

37
Q

During this decade of resistance to change, the funeral industry received tremendous support from caregiving medical expers and organizations like

A

Kubler-Ross and the hospice movement

38
Q

What percentage of people die under hospice?

A

46%

39
Q

Kubler-Ross and the hospice movement Validated this

A

The reality of grief at death

40
Q

Kuler-Ross and the hospice movement Confirmed this

A

The need to express grief

41
Q

In the 1980s, funeral homes were changing gears and trying to

A

Tap into the Simple Cremation Business

42
Q

Funeral directors were learning in the 80s to change their mindset about families who desired cremation, realizing what?

A

All people grieve, but not all grieve alike or express their grief in the same manner

43
Q

Funeral Directors were discovering cremation as

A

A means to an end, not an end itself

44
Q

What is the profile of the Cremation Consumer

A

More Educated
Higher Income
Less Religious
More likely to have moved away from family roots

45
Q

What percentage of people choose cremation to save money?

A

30%

46
Q

What percentage of people choose cremation to save land

A

13%

47
Q

What percentage of people are choosing cremation because it is simpler?

A

8%

48
Q

What percentage of people are choosing cremation because they do not what their body in the earth?

A

6%

49
Q

What percentage of people choose cremation because it was the preference of the deceased?

A

6%

50
Q

People are _________ and choosing cremation for themselves

A

Dying older

51
Q

Migration to _____________ is increasing

A

Retirement locations

52
Q

Cremation has become

A

Acceptable

53
Q

These are becoming more important

A

Environmental Considerations

54
Q

This is rising

A

Level of education

55
Q

Ties to ________ are becoming weaker

A

Tradition

56
Q

Greater _________ in memorialization services

A

Flexibility

57
Q

What are the (8) trends affecting cremation?

A

People are dying older and choosing cremation for themselves
Migration to retirement homes is increasing
Cremation has become acceptable
Environmental considerations are becoming more important
Level of education is rising
Ties to tradition are becoming weaker
Regional differences are diminishing
Greater flexibility in memorialization services

58
Q

Gilligan lists the top ten scenarios causing cremation suits

A
Cremating the wrong body
Cremating without authority
Cremating without informed consent
Cremating jewelry or personal effects
Cremating medical devices
Co-mingling cremated remains
Failure to return all of the cremated remains
Misidentification of the cremated remains
Mis-delivery of cremated remains
59
Q

The biggest liability in cremation is

A

Cremating the wrong body

60
Q

Legal experts are recommending that funeral homes require this when the family requests no viewing

A

Identification of the remains

61
Q

Identification certifies that this is

A

The right person beyond any doubt

62
Q

Identification underscores

A

Professional responsibilities

63
Q

Identification stresses

A

the Irreversibility of the cremation process

64
Q

Identification facilitates

A

The process of grieving

65
Q

Identification should be performed by whom?

A

The next of kin or their designated-in-writing representative

66
Q

Identification should take place at the funeral home in an appropriate room such as

A

A small chapel or slumber room

67
Q

What is the recommended procedure for preparing remains for identification

A
Aspirate but do not add cavity
Clean the body
Close the eyes and lips
Remove pacemakers, IV's catheters
Wash and comb hair
Position body in natural repose
Cover with clean sheet
68
Q

What are some different options for Cremated Remains?

A
Launch into space
Submerged underwater as a reef
Memorialized in art
Made into Jewelry
Keepsakes
69
Q

Tossing cremated remains to the wind (knowing wind direction is important)

A

Casting

70
Q

A shallow trench is dug in the soil and filled with the cremains

A

Trenching

71
Q

The cremated human remains are poured onto the ground and raked into the soil or garden

A

Raking

72
Q

Occurs when the cremated remains are scattered over a body of water

A

Water Scattering

73
Q

When cremated remains are cast from a private plane

A

Aerial Scattering

74
Q

Cremains can be buried in a hole in the ground

A

Burial

75
Q

Baby boomers fail to see the _____ in funeral service

A

Value

76
Q

Baby boomers do not have the same __________ as their parents

A

Religious beliefs

77
Q

Baby boomers are attracted to these

A

Personalized and flexible services

78
Q

Baby boomers see funerals as _______ not a social event

A

Religious event

79
Q

When the baby boomers hears the word funeral, they think of

A

Church

80
Q

Men over 55 are of the _____ thinking

A

Throw me in a pine box

81
Q

Women over 55 tend to be

A

Socially active mothers who want to protect their children from the stress of making funeral arrangements

82
Q

The level of trust in funeral directors is _____ with cremation customers

A

Lower