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YR1 EXOTICS > L01 - Lizards > Flashcards

L01 - Lizards Flashcards

1
Q

How many body cavities do lizards have?

A
  • only have 1 body cavity
  • known as celomic cavity
  • do not have diaphragm
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2
Q

What is lizards structure like?

A
  • very mobile
  • have a flexible backbone
  • long tail for counterbalance
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3
Q

Describe the structure of their backbone and vertebrae?

A
  • backbone is divided into pre-sacral, sacral and caudal region
  • all vertebrae except cervical ones have paired ribs
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4
Q

What is the structure of their skull?

A
  • more rigid than a snake skull
  • have quad ratebone which has no firm attachment, allows forward and backward movement and gives advantage when biting prey
  • skull articulates with cervical vertebrae with a single occipital condyle
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5
Q

What is their dentition?

A
  • lizards have 4 rows of teeth, 1 to each jaw
  • there are no fangs
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6
Q

What is the structure of their teeth?

A
  • teeth are peg like in shape and are continually replaced
  • some have hallow teeth allowing venom to ooze through them
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7
Q

What is their axial skeleton?

A
  • coccygeal vertebrae have ventral haemal arches
  • tail has fracture plans and no bone
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8
Q

What is autotomy?

A
  • this is the spontaneous dropping of the tail
  • occurs in lizards except chameleons and monitors
  • coccygeal vertebrae are not replaced
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9
Q

What is the pectoral girdle made up of?

A
  • scapula
  • coracoid
  • clavicle
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10
Q

What is the forelimb made up of?

A
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpal bones
  • phalanges/digits
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11
Q

What is the pelvic girdle made up of?

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
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12
Q

What is the hindlimb made up of?

A
  • femur
  • tibia fibula
  • tarsal bones
  • phalanges/digits
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13
Q

What limb adaptions have occurred in geckos?

A
  • their foot has a sub digital adhesive lamellae, this allows them to cling to walls
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14
Q

What limb adaptions have occurred in burrowing lizards?

A
  • they have lost their limbs, but still have pectoral and pelvic girdle
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15
Q

What limb adaptions have occurred in lizards?

A
  • they can hold their forelegs off the ground and run on their hind limbs in a bipedal motion
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16
Q

What is metabolic bones disease, and what causes it?

A
  • a lack of vitamin D in the diet
  • causes weakness and brittle bones
  • normally caused by a lack of UV light or calcium deficiency in the diet
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17
Q

What are the uses of the respiratory system?

A
  • breathing
  • threat and display
  • buoyancy
  • escaping predators
  • vocalisation
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18
Q

What type of nares do they have?

A
  • paired nostrils
19
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A
  • protected by ruminant larynx
  • incomplete c shaped rings of cartilage
  • trachea bifurcates into 2 main bronchi, supplying both lungs
  • no epiglottis
  • often no vocal cords
20
Q

What are the lungs often used for?

A
  • defence mechanism
  • 2 lungs
21
Q

Describe the process of inspiration?

A
  • contraction of intercostal muscles plus elastic tissue
22
Q

Describe the process of expiration?

A
  • contraction of intercostal and abdominal muscles plus the elastic recoil of the lung tissue
23
Q

3 key features of their digestive tract?

A
  • simple in insectivores and omnivores
  • swallowing of stones to aid in digestion is normal in lizards
  • geckos use tails as storage device for fats, their emergency supply
24
Q

Describe the structure of their tongue and taste buds?

A
  • most have a large fleshy tongue
  • tongue is generally mobile and protrusible
  • very poorly developed taste buds
25
Q

Describe the structure of their stomach?

A
  • located on left side of their abdomen
  • simple, elongated and sac like
  • contains glands that secrete hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus
26
Q

Describe the structure of their small intestine?

A
  • well developed in carnivorous and insectivorous species
  • intestinal tract of herbivores is shorter
  • some contain caecum
  • caecum present at junction between large and small intestine
27
Q

Describe the structure of their large intestine?

A
  • well developed in herbivorous species
  • sacculated, so is divided into chambers by leaf like membrane
  • increased surface area allows colonisation by bacterial microbes which help digest plant matter
28
Q

Describe the structure of the cloaca?

A
  • large intestines empty into the cloaca
  • this has 3 chambers
  • coprodeum, urodeum and proctodeum
  • all waste is excreted via the vent
29
Q

Describe the roles of the chambers of the cloaca?

A

Coprodeum - receives faeces

Urodeum - contains urinary and reproductive tracts

Proctodeum - collecting area for digestive and excretory wastes

30
Q

Describe the structure of the heart, and its role?

A
  • paired atria and single ventricle that acts as 2
  • channels deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary arteries
  • oxygenated blood to the aortas
31
Q

What 2 cardiovascular systems do lizards have?

A
  • hepatoportal venous supply
  • renal portal system
32
Q

Describe the structure of the urogenital system?

A
  • position of the kidneys is variable
  • most have a thinned wall bladder
  • some do nor have bladders and the urine is stored in the distal colon
  • short ureter drains into the urodeum, urine flows into the coprodeum
33
Q

How does colour change occur in lizards?

A
  • they have pigmented cells in the dermis
  • connected to neural networks
  • dispersion by hormonal or nervous signals enables change of colour according to mood or external stimuli
34
Q

Describe the structure of lizards hearing system?

A
  • eardrum (tympanic membrane) is visible
  • covered by thick skin or in some lizards scaly skin
  • middle ear is present too
35
Q

Describe the structure of their sight system?

A
  • varies from poor to good
  • eyelids are usually present
  • parietal eye (third eye)
36
Q

Describe the structure of the parietal eye?

A
  • associated with pineal gland
  • well developed, and has lens and retina
37
Q

What does the parietal eye do?

A
  • regulates circadian rhythms
  • is light sensitive
  • for hormone production and thermoregulation
38
Q

What organ do lizards have for smell?

A
  • Jacobsen’s organ
39
Q

How can gender be determined in lizards?

A
  • males are often brighter coloured and ornamented (horn)
  • male geckos and iguanas have femoral pores
  • males have a bulge where hemipenes are located, a wider base tail
  • can sometimes use a probe
40
Q

Frilled lizards defence mechanism?

A
  • extends neck frills to warn off predators or intruding males
41
Q

Flying lizards defence mechanism?

A
  • facing off another male, bobbing head and showing dewlap
42
Q

Regal horned lizard defence mechanism?

A
  • squirts blood form their eyes in defence
43
Q

Chuckwallas and other lizards defence mechanism?

A
  • overinflate the lungs in attempt to look bigger

YR1 EXOTICS (9 decks)

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