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YR1 EXOTICS > LO1 - Rabbits & Guinea Pigs > Flashcards

LO1 - Rabbits & Guinea Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

Rabbits - Key Facts

A
  • crepuscular, so most active at dusk and dawn
  • herbivores
  • warm blooded
  • prey animals
  • live in large social groups
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2
Q

Rabbits - Lifespan Range

A

5 - 10 years

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3
Q

Rabbits - Average Weight

A

1 - 10kg

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4
Q

Rabbits - Heart Rate

A

180 - 300 bpm

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5
Q

Rabbits - Respiratory Rate

A

30 - 60 bpm
(higher when stressed)

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6
Q

Rabbits - Temperature Range

A

38.5 - 40*

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7
Q

Rabbits - Describe their Thermoregulation?

A
  • they are extremely sensitive to heat
  • they cannot sweat
  • ears are essential to aid heat dispersion
  • they burrow and stretch to cool down
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8
Q

Rabbits - Describe the use of their Ears?

A
  • used for communication
  • used for air-conditioning
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9
Q

Rabbits - Describe IV Placement

A
  • marginal ear vein
  • used for fluid therapy, IV medications, and blood samples
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10
Q

Rabbits - Where can Blood Samples be gathered?

A

Marginal ear vein
Cephalic vein
Saphenous vein
Jugular vein

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11
Q

Rabbits - Signs of pain?

A
  • orbital tightening
  • cheek flattening
  • nostril shape
  • whisker shape and position
  • ear shape and position
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12
Q

Rabbits - Key point for nursing care?

A
  • herbivores and need to continually eat
  • should not be fasted prior to anaesthetic
  • when clipping fur must be careful due to thin skin
  • keep clipping to minimum to prevent heat loss
  • require close post-op monitoring
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13
Q

Rabbits - Dental Formula

A

Incisors = 2/1
Canines = 0/0
Pre-Molars = 3/2
Molars = 3/3
= 28

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14
Q

Rabbits - What kind of teeth do they have?

A

They are open rooted, allowing continual growth throughout life
No canines, gap between incisors and premolars is diastema
Tooth behind incisor is known as peg tooth

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15
Q

Rabbits - Dental Functions

A
  • incisors used for cutting grass
  • ## premolars and molars used to grind vegetable material
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16
Q

Rabbits - Axial Skeleton Formula

A
  • 12 paired ribs
    Cervical = 7
    Thoracic = 12-13
    Lumbar = 7
    Sacral = 4
    Caudal = 16
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17
Q

Rabbits - Describe their forelimb

A
  • scapula is triangular shaped
  • ulna fuses to radius which are bowed in appearance
  • radius and ulna articulate with metacarpals and 5 digits
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18
Q

Rabbits - Describe their hindlimb

A
  • pelvis is narrow and positioned vertically
  • acetabulum is made up of ilium, ischium, and os acetabuli (accessory bone)
  • femur is flattened ventrodorsally
  • fibula is half the length of the tibia and is fused
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19
Q

Rabbits - How many digits do they have?

A

5 digits forelimb

4 digits hindlimb

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20
Q

Rabbits - Describe their skin and glands

A
  • they have no footpads, feet covered with fur
  • females have dewlap, large fold of skin under chin which is for nesting
  • discrete submandibular chin glands used to mark territory
  • scent glands around anus and within inguinal area
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21
Q

Rabbits - Describe their stomach

A
  • stomach is never truly empty
  • a large simple structure with strong cardiac and pyloric sphincter
  • strong sphincters make vomiting impossible
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22
Q

Rabbits - Describe their Small Intestine

A
  • between 2 to 3 feet to aid digestion
  • consist of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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23
Q

Rabbits - what makes up the large intestine

A

Consist of caecum and colon

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24
Q

Rabbits - Describe their caecum

A
  • largest organ within abdominal cavity
  • thin walled and coils on itself
  • bacteria contained within aids digestion by breaking down cellulose from vegetation
25
Q

Rabbits - Describe their colon

A
  • divided into 3 parts the transverse, ascending, and descending
  • both colon and caecum regulated by the autonomic nervous system
26
Q

Rabbits - Describe their liver

A
  • has 4 lobes
  • contains the gallbladder which empties into the duodenum
27
Q

Rabbits - Describe their pancreas

A
  • diffuse organ, suspended in loop of duodenum
  • has one single pancreatic duct which empties into the proximal duodenum
28
Q

Rabbits - What is caecotrophy

A
  • re-ingestion of their own faeces, directly from anus
  • ingested food passes through GI tract 2x in 24 hours
  • essential for rabbit health
29
Q

Rabbits - Describe step 1 of caecotrophy

A
  • food accumulates in the colon and reverses into he caecum
  • bacterial and microbial fermentation occurs, breaking down the tough cellulose walls of the plant material
30
Q

Rabbits - Describe step 2 of caecotrophy

A
  • the larger fibre particles, which would not be digested adequately in the caecum, are selected out by the colon
  • they then pass out of the gut during peristalsis as the caecotroph pellets
31
Q

Rabbits - Describe step 3 of caecotrophy

A
  • caecotrophs are re-eaten directly from the anus and so undergo a second digestion process
32
Q

Rabbits - Describe step 4 of caecotrophy

A
  • the caecotrophs are mucus covered to protect their microbial contents from the acidic stomach contents
  • this allows further microbial breakdown of the fibre
33
Q

Rabbits - Describe step 5 of caecotrophy

A
  • smaller fibre particles which were flushed back into the caecum, once broken down as far as possible, will then be passed out of the caecum
  • they then enter the colon and dare excreted as dry faecal pellets
34
Q

Rabbits - Features of the respiratory tract

A
  • they are obligate nasal features
  • nose twitches 20-120 times in a minute
  • lungs have 3 lobes = cranial, middle, caudal
35
Q

Rabbits - Describe the respiratory system

A
  • air breathed in by nares where its warmed, foreign materials are caught by cilia
  • air moves through larynx, down the trachea which has incomplete c shaped cartilage rings and finally reaches the lungs
  • air enters lungs via bronchi which branch into bronchioles
  • moves from bronchioles to alveolar ducts and alveoli where O2 and CO2 is exchanged
  • they rely on diaphragm for respiration, intracoastal muscles do not play a role
36
Q

Rabbits - Describe kidneys and urethra

A
  • kidneys are unipapillate, single medullary pyramid, which drain to the renal pelvis/ureter
  • urethra empties into ventral wall of vagina
37
Q

Rabbits - Difference in doe and bucks urinary system

A
  • in does ureter drains into bladder, which is tough and thin walled
  • bucks ureters drain low down on neck of the bladder, they are less able to concentrate their urine
38
Q

Rabbits - Males reproductive tract

A
  • 2 testes which descend around 12 weeks
  • no os penis
  • no nipples
39
Q

Rabbits - Female reproductive tract

A
  • ovaries elongated, and ovaries are coiled and long
  • bicornaute, 2 separate uterine horns which are designed to hold lifters
  • they have no uterine horn, each horn has own cervix opening to vagina
  • 4 to 5 pairs of nipples
40
Q

Guinea Pigs - Key Facts

A
  • teeth are open rooted, so continually grow
  • live in social groups
  • they are diurnal, so active during the day
41
Q

Guinea Pigs - Average lifespan

A

4 - 8 years

42
Q

Guinea Pigs - Heart Rate

A

230 - 380 bpm

43
Q

Guinea Pigs - Respiratory rate

A

90 - 150 bpm
(higher when stressed)

44
Q

Guinea Pigs - Temperature

A

37.2 - 39.5*

45
Q

Guinea Pigs - Dental Formula

A

Incisors = 1/1
Canines = 0/0
Pre-molars = 1/1
Molars = 3/3

46
Q

Guinea Pigs - Dental Functions

A
  • incisors for nibbling
  • molars and pre-molars for grinding their food
  • no canines so have diastema
47
Q

Guinea Pigs - Skeletal formula

A

Cervical = 7
Thoracic = 13-14
Lumbar = 6
Sacral = 3-4
Caudal = 4-7

48
Q

Guinea Pigs - Describe their skeletal system

A
  • 13 to 14 ribs, the last 2 are cartilaginous
  • 2 small clavicle attached between scapula and manubrium
49
Q

Guinea Pigs - what type of stomach do they have?

A

Monogastric - single compartmented stomach

50
Q

Guinea Pigs - describe the structure of their soft palate?

A
  • soft palate is continuous with the rest of the tongue
  • the oropharynx connects with the rest of the pharynx via a hole in the soft palate known as the palatal ostium
51
Q

Guinea Pigs - how long does it take food to pass through the GI tract?

A

20 hours

52
Q

Guinea Pigs - where is small and large intestine located?

A
  • small intestine lies on right side of the body
  • large intestine fills the central and left part of the abdomen
53
Q

Guinea Pigs - why is their liver faulty?

A
  • live is unable to synthesis vitamin C
54
Q

Guinea Pigs - describe the structure of their respiratory system?

A
  • small space for lungs
  • right lung has 4 lobes (cranial, middle, accessory, caudal)
  • left lung has 3 lobes (cranial, middle, caudal)
55
Q

Guinea Pigs - what is their nasal cavity lined with?

A
  • sensitive olfactory epithelium
  • causes a sensitive sense of smell
56
Q

Guinea Pigs - describe the structure of their urinary system?

A
  • each kidney has a large renal pelvis with a single papilla
  • the urinary bladder is large and saclike, and is triangular in shape
57
Q

Guinea Pigs - is the presence of urinary crystals normal?

A

Yes

58
Q

Guinea Pigs - describe the boars reproductive system?

A
  • testes are in a large scrotum, can be retracted through the inguinal canal
  • they have horny style projections which evert externally when the penis is erected
59
Q

Guinea Pigs - describe the sows reproductive system?

A
  • bicornuate uterus, consists of 2 uterine horns, short body, and cervix leading to the vagina
  • polyoestrous and spontaneous ovulatory
  • y shape formed by the perineal tissue

YR1 EXOTICS (9 decks)

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