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YR1 EXOTICS > LO1 - Avian > Flashcards

LO1 - Avian Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal parameters for an African grey parrot?

A

Temperature - 40 to 42

Respiratory Rate - 15 to 45 bpm

Heart Rate - 100 to 300 bpm

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2
Q

What are the normal parameters for a cockatiel?

A

Temperature - 40 to 42

Respiratory Rate - 40 to 50 bpm

Heart Rate - 150 to 350 bpm

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3
Q

What are the normal parameters for lovebirds?

A

Temperature - 40 to 42

Respiratory Rate - 60 to 100 bpm

Heart Rate - 250 to 400 bpm

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4
Q

What are the normal parameters for budgies?

A

Temperature - 40 to 42

Respiratory Rate - 60 to 100 bpm

Heart Rate - 260 to 400 bpm

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5
Q

Why do birds have a celomic cavity?

A
  • birds don’t have a separate thoracic and abdominal cavity
  • this is as they don’t have a diaphragm
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6
Q

Where is the celomic cavity?

A
  • it extends from the first thoracic vertebrae to the vent
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7
Q

What is included in the celomic cavity?

A
  • lungs
  • air sacs
  • reproductive tract
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • all organs
  • heart
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8
Q

What are the 2 subclasses of skeletons?

A

Ratites = flightless emu, ostrich and kiwi

Carinates = rest of the avian species

(this is based on the anatomical structure of the sternum)

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9
Q

What is the structure of their bones?

A
  • very light and hollow bones
  • bones are muscular and strong
  • some bones are fused to provide plates that are strong and simplifies movement
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10
Q

What is the structure of the skull?

A
  • it is lightweight
  • it is fused with no suture lines
  • has pockets of air within
  • singular occipital condyle allows great flexibility of the neck
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11
Q

What is the function of the skull?

A
  • provides protection to the brain
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12
Q

What is the beak made of?

A
  • keratin
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13
Q

Why does the beak differ?

A
  • differs depending on dietary requirements of the bird
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14
Q

What are the bones of the beak?

A
  • mandible and maxilla which they can move
  • elastic hing at the caudal skull, which allows a larger gap
  • moveable quadrant bone which assists in creating a gap between the jaws
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15
Q

What does the atlas of the bird allow?

A
  • allows greater range of movement than the mammal
  • this is due to it having a ball and socket type joint
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16
Q

Describe the structure of their vertebrae?

A
  • greater number of cervical vertebrae = 11 to 25
  • 3 to 10 thoracic vertebrae which are very rigid and most are fused together
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17
Q

What process do the ribs have?

A
  • uncinate process
  • adds strength to the rib cage
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18
Q

What is the synasacram made up of?

A
  • made up of roughly 10 to 23 vertebrae
  • contains the thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal
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19
Q

What is the pygostyle?

A
  • caudal vertebrae which is fused together into a flattened bone
  • acts as a support for the tail feathers
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20
Q

What makes up the forelimb?

A
  • pectoral girdle
  • made up of clavicle, coracoid and scapula
  • wing
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21
Q

What is the clavicle?

A
  • braces the wing
  • site for muscular attachment
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22
Q

What is the coracoid?

A
  • a short and strong bone
  • prevents wing muscles compressing the thorax
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23
Q

What is the scapula?

A
  • long blade like bone
  • varies in length depending on the species
  • extends caudally as far as the pelvis
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24
Q

What is the wing?

A
  • has fewer bones at carpus and metacarpals than mammals
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25
Q

What does the wing consist of?

A
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpal bones
  • cargo metacarpus
  • digits
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26
Q

What is the hindlimb made up of?

A
  • pelvic girdle
  • pelvic limbs
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27
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A
  • rotates backwards and forwards for perching and locomotion
  • is incomplete in most species, this is to allow passage of eggs
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28
Q

What are the pelvic limbs?

A
  • femur
  • tibiotarsus
  • fibula
  • tarsometatarsus
  • metatarsal bones
  • digits (normally 4)
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29
Q

What are pneumatic bones?

A
  • hollow bones which can be fused together to crate a lighter body weight for flight
  • allows gas exchange using air sacs
30
Q

What bones are classed as pneumatic?

A
  • skull
  • humerus
  • clavicle
  • keel
  • pelvic girdle
  • lumbar
  • sacrum
31
Q

What is the keel?

A
  • the site for muscular attachment of the muscles of flight
32
Q

What are medullary bones?

A
  • long bones
  • they act as a storage of calcium for egg production
33
Q

What bones are classed as medullary?

A
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • pubic bones
  • ribs
  • ulna
  • digits
  • scapula
34
Q

What is the structure of the skin?

A
  • has epidermis, a thin outer layer and the dermis
  • keratin which is the scales, feathers and outer layer of the beak
35
Q

What glands do birds have, and what do they do?

A
  • they don’t have sweat glands
  • have preen glands on the upper surface of the tail
  • they have an oily fatty surface which spreads through feathers and cleans them
  • is also waterproof
36
Q

What are the function of feathers?

A
  • flight
  • protection
  • thermoregulation
  • camouflage
  • communication
37
Q

What is the anatomy of flight?

A
  • wings provide lift and propulsive force, controlled by a change in feather position
  • primary feathers are for propulsion
  • secondary feathers provide lift
38
Q

What are the components of the GI tract?

A
  • mouth beak
  • tongue
  • saliva
  • crop
  • ventriculus/gizzard
  • stomach
  • enzymes
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • cloaca
39
Q

What is the role of the beak/mouth?

A
  • indicates mastication process
  • used for tearing meat, cracking seeds, straining feed particles, spearing and probing
40
Q

What is the structure of the oesophagus?

A
  • starts at mouth and ends at proventriculus
  • lies to right side of the neck
  • lined with stratified epithelium containing mucous glands
41
Q

What is the role of the crop?

A
  • allows reduced eating time
  • storage device from food to be carried away, lubricates feedstuffs and further enables digestion
42
Q

What can pigeons produce?

A
  • crop milk
  • which is regurgitated to feed their young
43
Q

What are the 2 components of the stomach?

A
  • glandular proventriculus
  • muscular ventriculus
44
Q

What is the glandular proventriculus?

A
  • initiates chemical digestion
  • indigestible material is regurgitated into pellets in raptors
45
Q

What is the muscular ventriculus?

A
  • made up of striated muscle
  • allows the grinding of food
  • varies depending on the bird, carnivorous birds have no ventriculus
46
Q

What is the structure and role of the pancreas?

A
  • slightly more developed
  • possibly compensation for lack of saliva and chewing
  • produces enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, fats and proteins
47
Q

What is the structure of the liver?

A
  • has 2 distinct lobes
  • each with own duct leading to the small intestine
48
Q

What is the structure of the small intestine?

A
  • short
  • highly convoluted
  • thin walled
  • narrow
  • intestinal epithelium has fold and vili
49
Q

What is the role of the large intestine?

A
  • can contain 2 large caeca
  • this enables more micro fermentation of a high fibre diet
  • also enables bacterial digestion of complex carbohydrates
50
Q

What does the cloaca do?

A
  • it connects the digestive tract, urinary tract and genital tract
51
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cloaca?

A

Coprodeum = collects faeces

Urodeum = collects urine

Proctodeum = urine and faeces combines and is excreted

52
Q

What is excretion in birds?

A
  • urine and faeces combines and is passed as urate
  • the white outer ring is urine
  • the inner brown ring is faeces
53
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A
  • external nares
  • nasal cavity
  • oral cavity
  • glottis
  • trachea
  • syrinx
  • bronchi in lungs
  • mesobronchi
54
Q

What is the role of the nasal cavity?

A
  • breathe through their nose or mouth
  • air passes through nares into the choana
55
Q

What is the structure of the choana?

A
  • located on the roof of the mouth
  • connects the oropharynx inside mouth with the nasal cavity
  • numerous projections or papillae found at the edge of the choana
56
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A
  • relatively long but wider in diameter
  • classed as tracheal, tracheobronchial or bronchial depending on the location
  • glottis opens into trachea
  • larynx is at the start of the trachea
57
Q

What does the trachea consist of?

A
  • cartilage
  • membranes
  • muscles
58
Q

What is the role of the syrinx?

A
  • where sound is produced by vibration of air
  • consists of muscles and air sacs
59
Q

What is the structure of the lungs?

A
  • small
  • compact
  • rigid
  • attached to vertebrae and ribs
  • bright red
  • vascular
  • inelastic
60
Q

What are the 3 different types of bronchi?

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary (parabronchi)
61
Q

What is the role of the tertiary bronchi?

A
  • makes up the bulk of the lung tissue
  • the site of gas exchange
  • the bronchi in lungs has complete cartilage rings
62
Q

Do birds have a diaphragm?

A

No

63
Q

How many air sacs do they have?

A
  • 3 pairs of air sacs and 2 singles = 8 total
  • some species have 2 cervical air sacs, making 9 in total
64
Q

What are the functions of the air sacs?

A
  • to create unidirectional flow of air through the lungs, maximising oxygen concentration
  • reservoirs of air
  • warmth and moisture
  • thermoregulation
  • buoyancy for water birds
  • extends into bones
65
Q

What 4 stages are involved in the respiration cycle?

A

1st inspiration

1st expiration

2nd inspiration

2nd expiration

66
Q

What occurs during 1st inspiration?

A
  • air is taken in through the nasal cavity
  • it then travels to the larynx then the trachea
  • then the trachea to the syrinx
  • divides into 2 streams
  • travels to the posterior caudal air sacs and a small amount to the lungs
67
Q

What occurs during 1st expiration?

A
  • air is moved from posterior air sacs to the bronchi in lungs
  • it is then moved to blood capillaries where carbon dioxide and oxygen is exchanged
68
Q

What occurs during 2nd inspiration?

A
  • the air moves to the cranial air sacs
69
Q

What occurs during 2nd expiration?

A
  • air is moved out of the cranial air sac via the syrinx to the trachea
  • then to larynx
  • and then out the nasal cavity
70
Q

What factors may increase respiratory rate?

A
  • stress
  • heat
  • exercise
  • pain
71
Q

What factors may decrease respiratory rate?

A
  • sedation
  • anaesthesia
  • illness

YR1 EXOTICS (9 decks)

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