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YR1 EXOTICS > L01 - Snakes > Flashcards

L01 - Snakes Flashcards

1
Q

Key points of snakes general anatomy?

A
  • celomic body cavity
  • no movable eyelids
  • scales
  • legless
  • ectothermic
  • autotomy is uncommon in snakes
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2
Q

What is the structure of their skull?

A
  • most kinetic, extremely flexible and mobile bones
  • they have a small cranial cavity which protects the brain and nasal cavity
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3
Q

What is the structure of the snakes jaw?

A
  • each half of upper and lower jaw can move indecently, allowing the mouth to open wide to swallow larger prey
  • mandible and quadrate bone can pick up vibrations in the ground
  • jaw has independent movement
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4
Q

What is the function of the quadrate bone?

A
  • allows vertical and horizontal rotation of the jaw
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5
Q

Why do snakes yawn after eating?

A
  • to reposition their jaws
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6
Q

How many rows of teeth do snakes have?

A
  • maxilla has 2 rows of teeth on each side
  • mandible has 1 row of teeth on each side
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7
Q

What is the structure of snakes fangs?

A
  • front, rear and none, and they point backwards
  • they are not used for chewing
  • they are attached to the bone
  • fangs are hollow, erectile or fixed
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8
Q

Non-venomous snakes teeth structure?

A
  • all teeth are short and hook like
  • includes constrictors
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9
Q

Venomous snake teeth structure?

A
  • grooved fangs
  • allows venom to flow along
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10
Q

What is the structure of snakes vertebrae?

A
  • they have an elongated body with no limbs
  • all vertebrae are similar in shape and articulate with each other
  • all vertebrae have ribs except the coccygeal vertebrae
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11
Q

How many vertebrae do snakes have?

A
  • numbers vary from 200-400
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12
Q

How many ribs do snakes have?

A
  • can have between 100-435 ribs
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13
Q

Where are ribs not connected?

A
  • they have no sternum so they are not joined to the midline
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14
Q

What is the function of ribs?

A
  • flexible
  • protection of organs
  • contribute to respiration
  • attachment of muscles to aid locomotion
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15
Q

What is included in vestigial limbs?

A
  • pelvic girdle
  • femur
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16
Q

Structure of the snakes upper tract respiratory system?

A
  • paired nostrils
  • no hard palate or epiglottis
  • strong glottis
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17
Q

What is the function of the glottis?

A
  • formed from cartilages to form the glottal tube
  • rigid enough to hold form whilst eating
  • at rest the glottis is close
  • when breathing the glottis opens into the trachea
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18
Q

What is the structure of snakes lower tract respiratory system?

A
  • trachea has c shaped rings of cartilage
  • lungs differ depending on species
  • lungs are elastic
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19
Q

What are the 2 types of lungs?

A

Colubrids - right lung is major and left is vestigial

Boidea - 2 lungs, 1 is smaller than the other

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20
Q

What is a tracheal lung?

A
  • the out-pouching of the trachea to aid when eating large prey
21
Q

What do aquatic snakes have?

A
  • they have air sacs that extend to the cloaca
22
Q

Snakes basic digestive system?

A
  • carnivores
  • digest prey whole and cannot digest hair
  • ensure preferred body temperature is met, if snake is too cold it will slow down or stop digestion
23
Q

What is the structure of snakes oral cavity?

A
  • long, slender, mobile and forked tongue
  • can catch odours on moist surface by flicking tongue
  • contain salivary glands, released during mastication
24
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

A
  • olfaction
  • taste
  • touch
25
Q

What is the Jacobson organ?

A
  • forked tongue will gather airborne particles
  • the tongue will return to the mouth and pass the particles to the vomeronasal organ in the mouth
  • tongue is kept in constant motion
  • provides directional sense of smell and taste
26
Q

What is the structure of their oesophagus?

A
  • highly distensible muscular tube
  • enters the stomach in second third of the middle portion of the body
  • difficult to differentiate from the stomach
27
Q

What is the structure of their stomach?

A
  • strong, elastic and tubular
  • powerful digestive juices
  • digests prey whole
28
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
29
Q

What is the structure of the spleen and pancreas in snakes?

A
  • some have a splenopancreas
  • spleen is adhered to the pancreas
30
Q

Where is the liver located?

A
  • runs from midpoint of the lungs to the caudal stomach
31
Q

What is included in the large intestine?

A
  • some snakes have a caecum
32
Q

What are the 3 chambers of the cloaca?

A
  • coprodeum
  • urodeum
  • proctodeum
33
Q

What happens in the coprodeum?

A
  • faces is discharged from the large intestine into the coprodeum
34
Q

What happens in the urodeum?

A
  • receives the urogenital ducts which carry urine and either eggs or sperm
35
Q

What happens in the proctodeum?

A
  • acts as a general collecting area for digestive and excretory wastes
  • the male hemipenes open into the portion of this compartment nearest the tail
36
Q

How does excretion occur in snakes?

A
  • urates and faeces are passed through the same opening
37
Q

How many chambers does there heart have?

A
  • primitive 3 chambered heart
38
Q

What is the cardiovascular system movement of blood?

A
  • oxygen depleted blood is pumped into 1 atria
  • oxygen rich blood from the lungs gets pumped into the other atria
  • all empty into the lower common ventricle and then is circulated through the body
  • blood from rear end passes through the kidneys on the way back to the heart
39
Q

What is the structure of males reproductive system?

A
  • 2 testes located within the body, cranial to the kidneys
  • testes enlarge during the breeding season
  • testes empty into deferent ducts which empties into the urodeum
  • 2 hemipenes which lie inverted but evert when engorged with blood
  • have barbs/spines and have a dorsal groove
40
Q

What is the structure of females reproductive system?

A
  • paired ovaries which lie cranial to the kidney
  • the right ovary is larger and more cranial than the left
  • can store sperm in the oviducts
41
Q

What are the 3 ways female snakes reproduce?

A

Oviparous - produce eggs which are hatched after laid

Viviparous - live young developed within the parent

Ovoviviparous - produce eggs which are retained in parents until hatched, live offspring are born

42
Q

What is the structure of their skin?

A
  • scales
  • keratinised outer layer of epidermis
  • smooth, keeled, or granular different sized scales
  • they have little to no skin glands
43
Q

What is ecdysis?

A
  • the shedding of the skin
  • 1 to 4 times a year
  • new skin forms beneath the old
  • eyes cloudy during this period
  • protein rich fluid is absorbed between old and new skin and then the fluid id re absorbed
44
Q

What are their 4 methods of perception?

A
  • infrared sensitivity
  • eyesight
  • vibration
  • tongue
45
Q

What is infrared sensitivity?

A
  • pit organs infrared
  • teaching of prey
46
Q

What is snakes eyesight like?

A
  • ranges from very poor to very good
47
Q

Are snakes sensitive to vibration?

A
  • highly sensitive to vibration
48
Q

What do snakes use their tongue for?

A
  • olfaction
  • taste
  • touch
49
Q

What are snakes 2 injection sites?

A

Intramuscular - intercostal muscles

Intravenous - ventral coccygeal vein

YR1 EXOTICS (9 decks)

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