L1+2 Biochem

Question 1

• complex to simple molecules
• exergonic (energy releasing)
• convergent process
• pathways are typically oxidative and require oxidized coenzymes such as NAD+

Answer 1

Catabolic/catabolism

Question 2

• precursor(simple) molecules into complex molecules
• endergonic (require energy)
• divergent process
• involves reductions
• requires NADPH

Answer 2

Anabolic/anabolism

Question 3

facilitated diffusion allows entry of fructose mediated by _____ (sodium independent)

Answer 3

GLUT 5

Question 4

• transport occurs with a concentration gradient
• No energy is required
• GLUT-1 to 14

Answer 4

Na+ independent facilitated diffusion transport

Question 5

___ and ___ and ___ are primarily involved in glucose uptake

Answer 5

GLUT-1
GLUT-3
GLUT-4

Question 6

-found in liver and kidney

can transport glucose into these cells AND out of them (both ways)

Answer 6

GLUT-2

Question 7

• galactose and glucose are taken into enterocytes by Secondary active transporter that requires Na+ (and ATP)
• movement of glucose is coupled to the concentration gradient of Na+ which is mediated by (a)_____
• occurs in epithelial cells of intestine and renal tubules

Answer 7

Na+ monosaccharide cotransporter system

(a) SGLT= Na+ dependent glucose cotransporter

Question 8

major pathways involved in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
1- glycolysis
2-gluconeogenesis
3-glycogen metabolism
4- pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 8

CHO metabolism

Question 9

major pathways involved in __________:
1-glycolysis
2-citric-acid cycle
3-oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 9

Fuel metabolism

Question 10

the study of energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions
-isothermic

Answer 10

Bioenergetics

Question 11

1 kcal = ___ kJ

Answer 11

4.2

Question 12

• energy can be neither created nor destroyed

e. g chemically stored energy transformed to heat

Answer 12

First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 13

• efficiencies of energy transformation never equal 100%

- entropy (S): the amount of disorder in a system

Answer 13

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Question 14

the free energy change (A G) of a system is the _______________ that is available for useful work.

Answer 14

portion of the total energy

Question 15

expresses the amount of energy capable of doing work during a reaction at a constant temperature and pressure

Answer 15

Free energy OR Gibbs free energy (G)

Question 16

-quantitative expression for the randomness or disorder in a system

Answer 16

Entropy (S)

Question 17

heat content of the reacting system (reactants and products). heat evolved or absorbed in a reaction
-it reflects the number and kinds of chemical bonds broken

Answer 17

Enthalpy (H)

Question 18

• **the reaction is said to be _____ if :
• negative (G<0)
• net loss of energy
• reaction goes spontaneously

Answer 18

Exergonic

Question 19

the reaction is said to be _____ if :

• positive(G>0)
• net gain of energy
• the reaction does not go spontaneously

Answer 19

Endergonic

Question 20

equilibrium is established when G = ______

Answer 20

ZERO

Question 21

coupled reaction between endergonic and exergonic reaction will result in a net _____ G, so both reactions can occur ______

Answer 21

Negative

Spontaneously

Question 22

1 ATP = ___ kcal/mol

Answer 22

7.3

Question 23

structure:
1-nitrogenous base (adenine)
2- sugar ribose
3- 3 phosphoryl groups that is joined to ribose by a phosphate ester bond and to each other by **phospho-anhydride
*** the most important parts of this molecule are the Two Phospho-anhydride bonds because a breakdown of either of these bonds will release energy

Answer 23

ATP

Question 24

1- the conversion of ADP to ATP by the use of high energy metabolites is known as______
2-these compounds have high energy : *****
2a) __________
2b)__________
3b)__________: serves as a resivoir of high-energy phosphate bonds in muscle

theres also Succinyl-CoA (in citric acid cycle) (GTP)

Answer 24

1- Substrate Level Phosphorylation

• 2a) Phosphoenol-pyruvate (in glycolysis)
  2b) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (in glycolysis)
  3b) Creatine phosphate (in muscle)

Question 25

1- are compounds that on hydrolysis yield free energy ***equal to or greater than ATP (G= -7.3 kcal/mol)
2- a compound that liberates less than 7.3 kcal/mol.

Answer 25

1-High Energy compounds

2- Low Energy compounds