L2+3 physiology

Question 1

the study of abnormal biochemical and biophysical processes

Answer 1

Pathophysiology

Question 2

abnormal blood ph

Answer 2

low: acidosis
high: alkalosis

Question 3

cutaneous vasodilation:e.g during exercising, more blood flows to skin “flushed”, this leads to ____ heat loss

Answer 3

high

Question 4

cutaneous vasoconstriction: e.g sitting, feeling cold, less blood flow to skin, this leads to _____ heat loss

Answer 4

low

Question 5

the Nervous and Endocrine systems are linked together at the junction of ______ and _____ gland

Answer 5

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 6

why is the regulation of blood glucose levels considered negative feedback?

Answer 6

because increased blood glucose levels get regulated by inhibition

Question 7

example for positive feedback is the regulation of ______ and _______

Answer 7

blood clotting, uterine contractions during labor

Question 8

a constant internal environment is maintained by maintaining ________ homeostasis

Answer 8

Extracellular fluid

Question 9

• the major organ in maintaining normal volume composition, and osmolarity of the ECF
• ________ is also another mechanism for maintaining ECF homeostasis

Answer 9

the kidney

-thirst

Question 10

the volume of fluid compartment depends on the amount of ______ it contains

Answer 10

solute

Question 11

is the concentration of osmotically active particles (solute) expressed in mOsm/L, normal value is 290 mOsm/L

Answer 11

Osmolarity

Question 12

the osmolal concentration of a solution is called ________ when the concentration is expressed as miliosmoles/ Kg of water

Answer 12

Osmolality

Question 13

same concentration of particles (solutes) as plasma

-equal osmotic pressure; no movement of water

Answer 13

Isotonic solution

Question 14

• increase in ECF osmolarity (shrinkage)

Answer 14

Hypertonic

Question 15

decrease in ECF osmolarity (swelling)

Answer 15

Hypotonic

Question 16

forcing of the fluid through a membrane that is caused by difference in hydrostatic pressure

Answer 16

Filtration

Question 17

transport of substances against conc gradient (active) 
-needs ATP, enzymes, carrier
-example: 
Active Na+ K+ pump
Active H+ K+ pump
Ca+2 pump

Answer 17

Primary active transport

Question 18

• depends on primary active transport
• it may be a symport, antiport
  e. g Na+ glucose cotransport, Na+ H+ counter transport

Answer 18

secondary active transport