L1 Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are the 3 major classes of carbohydrates

Answer 1

Mono
Oligo
Poly

Question 2

What groups could mono contain

Answer 2

They either contain an aldehyde group and are called aldoses, or a keto group and are called ketoses.

Question 3

Whats a carbonyl group

Answer 3

The carbon atom that is double bonded to an oxygen atom

Question 4

What are the physical properties of mono

Answer 4

Asymmetric carbon atom is a carbon atom attached to 4 different groups or atoms. It gives the ability to show isomerism

• Isomers are compounds that have the same chemical formula but have different structures as
  fructose, glucose and galactose that have the same chemical formula, C6H12O6.

Question 5

Name oligo

Answer 5

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

Question 6

Whats the imp of lactose

Answer 6

Lactose is the only source of galactose which plays an integral role in various neural and immunological processes including the ABO blood types. Moreover it was found that Lactose plays a role in absorption of calcium, copper and zinc especially in infancy

Question 7

What is lactose intolerance

Answer 7

Patient is unable to fully digest lactose in milk

Suffer from diahhera,bloating,gas

Question 8

What are imp poly

Answer 8

1) glycogen
2) starch
3) dextrins
4) unbranched cellulose

Question 9

What is the imp of dextrins

Answer 9

Since they do not easily go out of vascular compartment they are used for intravenous infusion as plasma volume expander in the treatment of hypovolumic shock

Question 10

What are carbohydrate derivitaves

Answer 10

These are sugar molecules that have been modified with substituents other than hydroxyl groups. Most sugar derivatives occur naturally and have important biological functions.

Question 11

Examples of carb derivatves

Answer 11

Deoxymonosaccharides OH replaced by H
Amino sugar OH replaced by NH2
Sugar acids CH2OH Oxidized to COOH

Question 12

What is glucuronic acid

Answer 12

acid which is synthesized

in the liver and plays a major role in detoxification and elimination of toxic compounds.

Question 13

What happens to immature babies with low levels of glucuronic acid

Answer 13

more prone to jaundice due to accumulation of bilirubin without being detoxified by glucuronic acid in severe cases “kernicterus” this may lead to affection of the brain leading to mental retardation and vision problems

Question 14

Examples of sugar alcohol

Answer 14

Mannitol which is used as a direutic to produce more urine and releace edema
Sorbitol in patients that follow low caloric diets as it contains 50% less calories than normal sugars

Question 15

What is the importance of Carbohydrates

Answer 15

providing a significant fraction of the
dietary calories for most organisms, supplying and acting as a storage form of energy in the body, CHO also serve as cell membrane components that mediate some forms of intercellular communication

Question 16

Do Carbohydrates play a role in disease

Answer 16

Abnormal metabolism (usage by the body) of glucose is related to many serious diseases with Diabetes Mellitus coming on top also certain types of cancers might be related.
● Inborn errors in CHO metabolism can cause wide range of abnormalities including mental retardation and hepatomegaly (Increase in the liver size).
● Some GIT (digestive system) diseases and disturbances are related to abnormal digestion or breakdown of CHO as vomiting, bloating and diarrhea.
● Ingestion of too much CHO (a very common dietary habit nowadays) is directly related to obesity and its dangerous health consequences as heart diseases.

Question 17

What is a bond?

Answer 17

A link or force between neighboring atoms in a molecule or compound.

Question 18

What are the types of covalent bonds

Answer 18

Polar and non polar

Polar bonds share unequal number of electrons and non polar share equal number