L1 - Infection Control

Question 1

Communicable pathogenic organisms

Answer 1

1. bacteria
2. viral organisms
3. mycobacterial organisms

Question 2

bacteria encompases

Answer 2

1. upper respiratory tract flora
2. maxillo-facial skin flora
3. non-maxillofacial flora

Question 3

what consists of normal oral flora in upper respiratory tract

Answer 3

aerobic, gram + cocci, actinomycetes, anaerobic bacteria, and candidal species

Question 4

total # of organisms is usually held in check by

Answer 4

1. rapid epithelial turnover with dequamation
2. host immunological factors
3. dilution by salivary flow
4. competition between oral organisms for available nutrients and attachment sites

Question 5

nose and paranasal sinuses consist mainly of

Answer 5

gram + aerobic streptococci and anaeorbes

Question 6

normal flora is limied by

Answer 6

presence of ciliated respiratory epithelium, secretory immunoglobulins, and epithelial desquamation

Question 7

children may harbor____

adults have ___

Answer 7

children may harbor Haemophilus influenzae

adults have staphylococcus aureus

Question 8

maxillofacial skin flora (predominant species)

Answer 8

staph epidermis and cornyebackterium diphtheriae are the predominate species

Question 9

responsible for most infectious hepatitis

Answer 9

Hepatitis viruses A,B, C and D

Question 10

Hep A spread by

Answer 10

contact with deces of infected individuals

Question 11

Hep C spread by

Answer 11

feces or contaminatted blood

Question 12

Hep B and D spread by

Answer 12

contact with any human secretions

Question 13

Hep B and D spread by

Answer 13

contact with any human secretions

Question 14

inactive hepatitis virus by

Answer 14

halogen- containing disinfectants, formaldehyde, ethylne oxide gas, all types of propeerly performed heat sterilization, and irradiation

Question 15

hepatisi resistant to

Answer 15

desiccation and chemical disinfectants

Question 16

HIV loses its infectivty by desication?

Answer 16

TRUE (unlike hepatitis)

Question 17

universal precautions

• general over-view
• why developed

Answer 17

1. developed to address the inability of health care providers to specifically identify all patients with communicable diseases
2. based on protection of self, staff, and patient from contamination by using barrier techniques when treating all patients as if they all had communicable disease

Question 18

universal precuations includes

Answer 18

all doctor and staff who come in contat with patient blood or secretions, whether directly or in aerosol form

wear barrier devices : face mask, eye protetion, and gloves

also includes decontaminating or disposiong of all surfaces that are exposed to patient blood, tissue, or secretions

avoid contaimination objects / surfaces with contaminated gloves or instruments

Question 19

transmission of mycobacterial

Answer 19

priamrily thtough exhaled aersols that carry M tuberculosis bacilli from the infected lungs of an individual

Question 20

asepsis

Answer 20

refers to the avoidance of sepsis

Question 21

medical asepsis

Answer 21

the attempt to keep patients, health care staff, and objects as free as possible of agents that cause infection

Question 22

surgical asepsis

Answer 22

the attempt to prevent microbes from gaining access to traumatic surgically created wounds

Question 23

antiseptic and disinfectant

Answer 23

prevent the multiplication of organisms capable of causing an infections

antiseptics are applied to living tissues and disinfectants are designed for use on inanimate obects

Question 24

sterility

Answer 24

freedom from viable forms of micro-organisms

Question 25

sanitization

Answer 25

reduction of the number of viable microorgansims to levels judged safe by public health standards

Question 26

decontamination

Answer 26

similar to sanitization

Question 27

physical methods of reducing the number of viable organisms

Answer 27

1. heat 2. mechanical dislodgement 3. radiation

Question 28

chemical methods of reducing the number of viable organisms

Answer 28

1. antiseptics 2. disinfectants 3. ethylene oxide gas

Question 29

what is most resistant to elimnation

Answer 29

bacterial ENDOSPORES

Question 30

techniques of instrument sterilization

Answer 30

with heat - dry heat - moist heat gaseous sterilizaton

Question 31

advantage and disavantage of using dry heat

Answer 31

advantage - relative ease of use and the unliklihood of damaging heat resistant instruments disadvantage - the time necessary and the potential damage to heat-sensative equipment

Question 32

more effective moist or dry heat?

Answer 32

moist heat - because it is effective at much lower temperatures and requires less time

Question 33

advantages and disadvnatages of moist heat

Answer 33

advantage - its effectiveness, speed, and the relative availability of office propportioned auto-claving disadvantage - tendency of moist heat to dull and rust instruments and the cost of autoclaves

Question 34

how long until you have to re-sterilize

Answer 34

6 months after -- the possibility of organisms entering sterilization bags increases all sterilization items should be labeled with an expiration date that is no longer than 6-12 months

Question 35

``` duration of treatment or exposure when using dry heat at 121/ 250 f 140/285? 150/300 160/320 170/340 ```

Answer 35

6-12 hours for 121/ 250 3 hours 2 1/2 2 1

Question 36

steam for 60 minutes at what temp?

Answer 36

116 / 240 F | - notice lower heat in steam

Question 37

gaseous sterilization does what?

Answer 37

destroys enzymes and other vital biochemical structures

Question 38

gaseous sterilization uses? what temp and how long?

Answer 38

ethylene oxide at 50 degrees C for 3 hours

Question 39

gaseous sterilization advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 39

advantages - for sterilizing porous material, large equipment, and material sensitive to heat and moisture disadvantages - need special equipment and the length of sterilization and aeration time

Question 40

aeration requirements for gaseous sterilzation? why?

Answer 40

because ethylene oxide is highly toxic to animal tissue - equipment exposed must be aerated for 8-12 hours at 50 degrees C to 60 degrees C or ambient temperatures for 4-7 days

Question 41

chemical disinfectants

Answer 41

classified by the level of biocidal activity of low, medium, and high

Question 42

use of quarternary compounds?

Answer 42

NOT recommended for use in dentistry because they are NOT effective against hepatitis B virus and become inactivated by soap and anionic agents

Question 43

surgical field maintenance

Answer 43

the goal is to prevent any organism from the surgical staff or other patients from entering the patietns wound

Question 44

breakdown of surgical staff preparation

Answer 44

1. hand and arm preparation 2. clean technique 3. sterile technique

Question 45

irrigation of wound

Answer 45

only sterile water or sterile saline should be used to irrigate open wounds

Question 46

post-surgical asepsis wound management

Answer 46

only dress wounds with clean gloves

Question 47

post surgical asepsis sharps management

Answer 47

sharps injuries can be prevented by using the local anesthetic needle to scoop up the sheath after use, taking care never to apply or remove a blade from a scalpel handle without an instrument, and disposing of used blades, needles, and other sharp disiposable items into rigid, well-marked receptacles for contaminated sharp obects

Question 48

normal flora in upper respiratory tract is limited by what? NOT by?

Answer 48

NOT by salivary flow but - presence of ciliated respiratory epithelium - secretory immunoglobulins - epithelial desquamation