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Oral Surgery > L2- Exam Pt. 2 > Flashcards

L2- Exam Pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

major differences between arteries and veins in the eye

A

arteries

  • lighter red
  • smaller

veins

  • darker red
  • larger
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2
Q

pupillary reaction to light - direct reaction

A

pupillary constriction in the same eye

  • light in right eye and right eye constricts
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3
Q

consensual reaction -

A

pupillary constriction in the opposite eye

  • put in right eye and both right and left eyes the pupil constricts
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4
Q

whisper technique for auditory acuity

A

stand 2 feet behind the patient so that the patient cannot read your lips

occlude the non-test ear with a finger and gently rub the tragus in a circular motion

exhale a full breath before whispering to ensure a quiet voice

whisper a combination of three numbers and letters

use a different number/ letter combination for the other ear

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5
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

hear better through bone conduction than air

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6
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

congenital or hereditary hearing loss

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7
Q

weber test

A

hearing test

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8
Q

upper eyelid covers?

A

portion of iris – but does not normally overlay the pupil

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9
Q

opening between eyelids called

A

palpebral fissure

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10
Q

conjuctiva

A

clear mucous membrane with two visible components

  • bulbar conjuctiva
  • palpebral
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11
Q

bulbar conjuctiva

A

covers most of the anterior eyeball, adhering lossely to the underlying tissue

  • meets cornea at limbus
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12
Q

papebral conjuctiva lines

A

the eyelids

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13
Q

tarsal plates

A

firm strips of connective tissue within the eyelids

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14
Q

levator palpebrae

A

raises the upper eyelid – innervated by CN III

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15
Q

meibomian glands

A

in the tarsal plates – parallel rows of them and open on the lid margin

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16
Q

controls the pupillary size

A

the muscles of irsi 8

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17
Q

controlling the thickness of the lens

A

muscles of the ciliary body

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18
Q

what allows to focus on near or distant objects

A

muscles of ciliary body

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19
Q

aqueous humor found? flow?

A

fills anterior and posteior chambers of the eye

circulates from posterior to anterior through the pupil

drains out through the canal of schlemm

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20
Q

canal of schlem

A

drains the aqueous humor of the eye

- controls the pressure inside the eye

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21
Q

lacrimal location

A

superior lateral aspect of the eyelid

- mostly in bony orbit, above and lateral to the eyeball

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22
Q

what protects conjuctiva and cornea

A

fluid from the meiboma glands, conjuctivcal glands, and lacrimal glands

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23
Q

tears drain?

A

medially through the lacrimal puncta

they pass into the lacrimal sac and into the nose via the nasolacrimal duct –> inferior meatus

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24
Q

cranial nerves associated with the eye

A

III, IV, VI

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25
superior oblique what nerve
IV
26
CN VI
lateral rectus
27
CN III regulates which muscles
1. superior rectus 2. inferior rectus 3. medial rectus 4. inferior oblique
28
lateral rectus controlled by
CN VI
29
entropin
lower eyelid pushed underneath
30
ectropin
lower eyelid is lower
31
subconjunctival hemorrhage
leakage of bloos outside the vessels, producing a hemorhagenous sharpply demarcated, red area that resolves over 2 weeks
32
fundus is where
posterior part of the eye - also see retina, choroid, fovea, macula, optic disc and retinal vessels in this area
33
describe arteries of the eye
1. light red in color 2. smaller (2/3 to 3/4 the diameter of veins) 3. light reflex is bright
34
describe veins of the eye
1. dark red in color 2. larger inconspicuous or absent in the light reflex
35
arteries of eye in light reflex
bright
36
chalazion
subacute nontender, usually painless nodule involving a blocked meibomian gland may become acutely inflammed, unlike a sty -- usually points insidie the lid rather than on the lid
37
pterygium
triangular thickening of the bulbar conjuctiva that grows slowly across the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side redenning can interfer with vision
38
wall of normal artery in the eye
it is TRANSPARENT --only column of blood can usually be seen
39
normal light reflex -- describe the artery
it is a NARROW -- 1/4TH DIAMETER OF THE BLOOD COLUMN
40
Retinal erteries in hypertension
focal or generalized narrowing -- the light reflex is also narrowed ARTERIAL WALL THICKENS AND BECOMES LESS TRANSPARENT 1. copper wiring 2. silver wiring
41
Copper wiring
sometimes seen in hypertension and these retinal arteries are closer to the disc - become more full and develop an increased light reflex with a bright coppery luster
42
silver wiring
retinal arteries that become more narrow and wall becomes opaque -- no blood is visible within
43
what happens to arteriovenous crossing with hypertension
when the arterial walls loose their transparency -- changes appearance in AV crosssing 1. AV nicking / concealment 2. tapering 3. banking
44
concealment or av nicking
the vein appears to stop abruptly on either side of the artery
45
tapering in AV
vein appears to taper down on either side of artery
46
describe banking
vein is twisted on the distal side of the artery - and forms a dark, wide knickle
47
normal AV crossing in eye
becasue arterial wall is transparent, a vein crossing beneath the artery can be seen right up to the column of blood on either side
48
anisocoria
unequal pupils
49
simple anisocoria
difference in pupillary size of 0.04mm or greater -- is seen in approx. 35% of healthy people if reactions in pupil are normal -- considered benign
50
miosis
constriction of pupils
51
mydriasis
dilation of pupils
52
painful on 'tug test' | describe movement
movement of the auricle and tragus | - acute otitis externa (inflammation of the middle ear canal)
53
tenderness behind the ear may present in?
otitis media
54
describe whispered voice test used for?
for audiotory acuity stand 2 feet behind occlude non test ear exhale to be at a true whisper whisper combination of three numbers and letters repeat for other ear - using different comination
55
normal response to whisper test
patient repeats initial sequence fail once then on second try patient repeats ATLEAST 3 OUT OF 6 of the possible numbers/ letters correctly
56
abdnormal response to whisper voice test
4 /6 possible number / letters are incorrect conduct further testing using audiometry (weber and rinne)
57
two ways sound gets conducted
1. air -- faster | 2. through bone -- not as conductive
58
conductive hearing loss hear better through?
through bone because here the external and middle ear are the problem
59
sensorineural hearing loss caused by? | - general
disorder of the inner ear
60
causes of external ear
infection (otitis externa), trauma, benign bony growths such as extoses or osteomas
61
causes of middle ear problems
congenital conditions, benign cholesteatomas, and otosclerosis, tumiors, and perforations of the tympanic membrane
62
disorders causing senorineural hearing loss
1. congenital and hereditary conditions 2. presbycusis 3. viral infections - rubella - cytomegalovirus 4. meniere's disease 5. noise exposure 6. acoustin neuroma
63
describe (basic) conduction with senorineural hearing loss
conduction through the middle ear/ bone is good but once in inner ear -- bad
64
otitis media causes
conductive hearing loss
65
*pathophysiology of conductive hearing loss
EXTERNAL OR MIDDLE EAR DISORDER - impairs sound conduction to inner ear causes - foregin body - otitis media - perforated eardrum - osteosclerosis of ossicles
66
pathophysiology of sensorineural loss
inner ear disorder involves cochlear nerve and neuronal impulse transmission to the brain causes inlude - load noise exposure - inner ear infections - trauma - acoustic neuroma - congenital and familial disorders - aging
67
loud noises can cause
sensorineural loss
68
inner ear infections and trauma can cause
sensorineural loss
69
weber test in unilateral hearing loss with conductive hearing loss
tuning fork at vertex sound lateralized to IMPAIRED EAR room noise NOT well heard -- so detection of vibrations IMPROVE
70
weber test in unilateral hearing loss with sensorineural hearing loss
tuning for at vertex sound lateralizes to GOOD EAR inner ear or cochlear nerve damage impairs transmission to affected ear
71
which does detection of vibrations improve
weber test with conductive hearing loss
72
sound lateralizes to IMPAIRED EAR
conductive loss
73
sound lateralizes to GOOD EAR
sensorineural loss
74
bone conduction is longer than or equal to air conduction
conductive loss
75
air conduction longer than bone conduction
sensorineural loss
76
vibrations reach the cochlea in?
conductive -- although the external or middle ear is impaired, vibrations through bone bypass the problem to reach the cochlea - cochlear nerve can transmit
77
which hearing loss is the cochlear nerve more affected?
sensorineural loss | - the inner ear or cochlear nerve is less able to transmit impulses regardless of how the vibrations reach the cochlea
78
tuning fork where in weber? where in rinne?
weber -- at vertex -- on top of the head -- and see if it lateralizes rinne -- at external audiotry meatus -- then on mastoid bone
79
*conductive hearing loss does what? | basic
LATERALIZES to the impaired ear
80
if poor hearing in the right ear and lateralizes to right ear?
conductive hearing loss
81
if poor hearing in the right ear and lateralizes to left ear?
sensorneural loss in the right ear
82
after weber test which next?
Rhinne
83
if cannot hear tuning fork next to ear after had it against mastoid process what does this indicate?
conductive hearing loss -- because conduction through air is lost

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