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L1: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

speech (production and perception) is…

A

medium of oral communication that employs a linguistic code

communication thru vocal symbols (i.e. 45 speech sounds in our system)

complex dynamic neuromuscular process

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2
Q

speech as a complex dynamic neuromuscular process involves…. (5)

A

articulation

resonance

phonation

respiration

prosody (ex. pitch, speech rate, stress)

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3
Q

language is …

A

a shared set of mutually agreed upon symbols used to represent concepts or ideas (arbitrarily developed)

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4
Q

language is a set of symbols governed by set of rules including:

A

phonology and phonotactics

morphology

syntax

semantics

pragmatics

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5
Q

communication is…

A

exchange of concepts or ideas bw two or more entities

dynamic role exchange bw ex. speaker and listener

mechanism whereby we establish, maintain, change relationships

consists of multiple forms

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6
Q

socially motivated and mediated communication is…

A

interactional (ex. discussing a movie)

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7
Q

agenda driven communication is…

A

transactional (ex. ordering food in a restaurant)

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8
Q

what is considered output/expression

A

spoken, written, nonverbal (ex. gaze, facial expression, posture etc)

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9
Q

what is considered input/comprehension

A

auditory comprehension

reading comprehension

nonverbal (ex. perception of facial expression, posture, proximity etc)

senses of smell, touch, and taste

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10
Q

what is discourse?

A

exchange of info beyond the single sentence level

actual instances of talk, writing or linguistic communication in some other medium

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11
Q

discourse analyses consider what happens when people draw on the knowledge they have about ____ , knowledge based on ______ of what they have expressed, read, heard to complete actions in the word

A

language

memories

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12
Q

Discourse can be described at various levels of structure including….

A

syntax, semantics, stylistics, and rhetoric (or motivations)

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13
Q

Discourse may be studied in terms of the actual _____ ______ of its production and comprehension by users

A

cognitive processes

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14
Q

spoken discourse performances of adults with and without cerebral vascular disease is well-known to reveal close and complex interplay among…

A

cognitive systems and language production processes

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15
Q

what are the 5 discourse genres?

A

narrative
procedural
expository
argumentative
conversation

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16
Q

narrative =

A

real or imagined events

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17
Q

6 parts of narrative genre

A

abstract
setting/orientation
complicating actions
evaluation
result/resolution
coda (optional - in which the speakers/reader returns listener or reader to present time)

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18
Q

describe the procedural discourse genre

A

descriptions of specified sequential steps/actions (ex. doing laundry, loading an app on cellphone, making a PBJ sandwich)

goal oriented and factually based

lacks opinion sharing

doesn’t require an agent (ex. I)

present tense and imperative mood

*locative and temporal info

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19
Q

how is narrative different from procedural discourse

A

procedural has greater chronological rigidity than narratives

procedural has lower lexical diversity than narratives

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20
Q

describe expository discourse

A

explains ideas and relationships w focus on how concepts relate to one another

not chronologically based

doesn’t require an agent

complex morphology and syntax w a variety of verb tenses

existential, abstract and descriptive clauses

greater lexical variety

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21
Q

describe argumentative discourse

A

interactants reason-out ideas or convictions to become more convincing
- legal contexts, political arenas, debating

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22
Q

describe conversation discourse

A

requires 2 people who take turns

topics and context dictate # of turns

turns fit together

co-development of discourse topics

topics inform language and behaviour

variable lexical and grammatical form, moods

all turns (regardless of length/complexity) carry meaning, purpose, intention

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23
Q

list the 4 conversation elements

A

turn taking and organization
sequential organization (recurring patterns)
topic organization
trouble source repair and organization (i.e. conversation breakdown)

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24
Q

turn taking and organization

A

locally managed and interaction-ally controlled (dynamic)

transition in relevant place indicates the end of a turn

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25
sequential organization (recurring patterns)
adjacency pairs - aka cuplets for ex: - question/answer - greeting/acknowledgment - scripts/schema (ex. ordering from menu)
26
describe topic organization
selecting, maintaining, changing/shifting global (macro) (ex. a wedding) specific (Micro or subtopics, ex. destination vs church wedding) side sequences, insertion sequences or off topic utterances (ex. oh that reminds me...) perseverations (repeating a motor movement or something said) intrusions (more indicative of an impairment, not done often typically)
27
trouble source repair and organization (i.e. conversation breakdown)
trouble source (TS) repair initiation (signal or cue of misunderstanding) (RI) repair (RP) outcome (resolution, RS)
28
pragmatics
when and how utterances are used appropriately in verbal interaction meaning derived from aspects of language use other than the grammar, such as inferences from the situational context, paralinguistic features (i.e. affective prosody, gestures, facial expressions) or general knowledge
29
pragmatics is necessary for...
interpreting jokes, sarcasm, indirect speech acts and non-stereotyped metaphors, and every single utterance about whether it is to be taken literally or not
30
define functional communication
the ability to receive or convey a message, regardless of the mode, to communicate effectively and independently in a given environment communicate effectively in real life
31
cognition
mental processes where sensory info is transformed, reduced, elaborate, stored, recovered, and used processes of gaining knowledge, organizing info (new or old) and using what has been learned
32
2 types of longterm memory
declarative and nondeclarative
33
declarative LTM =
facts, explicit - memories of facts and events that can be consciously recalled
34
nondeclarative LTM =
aka implicit aka a type of memory that is accessed w/o conscious thought
35
declarative memory includes 3 types
semantic episodic lexical
36
semantic mem
concepts ex. what a dog is
37
episodic mem
events ex. what your experience of dogs are
38
lexical mem
words ex. how words are formed - know what phonemes make up the word dog
39
4 types of nondeclarative mem
procedural priming simple Classical cond (emotional and skeletal musculature) non associative learning
40
procedural mem
striatum ex. how to button up a shirt (not the motor bits necessary but knowing that the button goes thru the hole)
41
priming mem
neocortex ex. hears baby cry, thinks of baby
42
emotional CC mem
amygdala mem of events triggered by certain emotions
43
skeletal musculature mem
cerebellum the actual muscle movement to button up a shirt
44
non associative mem
reflex pathways
45
neurolinguistics
neuroanatomical structures and neurophysiological processes that go along w language production and processing
46
psycholinguistics
how we understand, produce, and acquire language the relationship bw psychological processes and language operations (ex. word freq)
47
sociolinguistics
social rules, conventions, and guidelines that determine how we use language
48
aphasia =
a communication disability due to an acquired impairment of language modalities caused by focal brain damage aphasia may affect participation and quality of life of the person w aphasia as well as their family and friends aphasia masks competence and affects functioning across relationships, life roles and activities, thereby influencing social inclusion, social connectedness, access to info and services, equal rights, and wellbeing in family, community and culture
49
aphasia is a ____: a ______ of behavioural and neurological features
syndrome collection
50
aphasia results from focal damage; usually of ____
rapid onset
51
aphasia involves cortical and/or sub-cortical regions involved in...
language dominant cerebral hemisphere
52
T or F: aphasia is related to sensory or perceptual disturbances
F
53
aphasia is _____ based... not a speech problem
language
54
aphasia involves selected cognitive...
problems (ex. attention sys and processes)
55
aphasia can coincide w other...
cognitive, sensory, and muscle co-ordination disorders (but not underlying probs)
56
aphasia in involves _____ problems to language, not ____ of language
access prob not loss of language
57
T or F: improvements in language competence and performance occur over time in aphasia
T
58
incidence of strokes per year
12.2 million
59
1 of __ people over age 25 will have a stroke in their lifetime
4
60
15-49 years old accounts for ___% of strokes
16%
61
62% of all strokes are ____ than 70 years old
younger
62
___% men and ___% women for strokes
47, 53
63
____ stroke survivors..... ____% are younger than 70 years
>101 million 67%
64
in Canada, > _______ children living w stroke
10,000
65
____ million people die from stoke annually
6.5
66
total # of disability adjusted life years lost (DALYs) due to risk factors ____ from 1990 to 2019
inc
67
dec in DALYs in .... inc in ...
high income countries lower-middle income countries
68
4 fold inc in # of DALYs due to
high BMI
69
incidence of aphasia in US
180k annually
70
aphasia occurs in ___% of Canadian stroke surviors
30
71
indvs w aphasia are...
older women>men (slightly) more severe strokes on admission more frequently discharged t LTC and/or rehab independent predictor of longer hospital stat and thrombolytic Rx-tPA
72
despite aphasia ___% not seen by an SLP
35%
73
localizationist (incl associationist) language models...
language processing locally specialized (w or w/o interconnected brain regions)
74
holistic (incl. cognitivist) language models....
language processing less tightly allocated to distinct brain regions
75
Paul Broca .....
supproted Gall's and brouillard's hypothesis that langauge is localized to frontal lobes specific localization to inferior frontal convolutions began doctrine of cerebral dominance for language functions
76
carl Wernicke discovered that
sensory aphasia associated with posterior left brain
77
pierre marie...
loss of cognition to interpret the symbol systems disagreed w Broca's assertion of frontal central area for expression and posterior area for comprehension true centre for aphasia in 1st temporal convolution unitary conception of aphasia = collection of multiple disorders
78
Hughlings jackson ...
founder of cognitive school language organized in hierarchy w/i brain - hollistic approach verbal behaviour divided into 2 levels: propositional and non-propositional basic unit of language is not the word but the proposition
79
describe Hughlings jackson's 2 levels of verbal behaviour
propositional = intellectual voluntary; statement or principle for discussion; an idea, event, or task; a relationship of nouns and verbs - a complete idea drive by your thinking non-propositional (driven by emotion - involuntary) = differential impairment of the 2 levels
80
A.R. Luria...
functional systems interconnected inter and intra-systemic re-organization following brain damage and Tx among first to talk about neuroplasticity
81
cognitive psychologists and neuropsychologists like Kaplan and goodglass studied..
an amalgamation of psycholinguistics, single case methods, info processing models of language
82
microgenetic theories
symptoms of aphasia (i.e. errors but not deficits) are a normal part of normal processing revealed by pathology Thought that aphasia was a result of how the brain develops Non-propositional language devs sooner than propositional lang – when someone has aphasia they lose propositional abilities first, leaving them w non-prop lang

ALD (11 decks)

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