L1-L3

Question 1

Actions and responses that we can directly observe

Answer 1

Behaviour

Question 2

Internal states and processes that we cannot directly observe (our thoughts and feelings)

Answer 2

Mind

Question 3

What are 4 major ways of developing knowledge?

Answer 3

1. Intuition
2. Authority
3. Rationalism
4. Empiricism

Question 4

…

• incorporates elements of intuition, authority, rationalism and empiricism
• formulate and answer specific questions which is systematic process intended to produce accurate knowledge

Answer 4

science

Question 5

scientists observe the world in a structured way through careful and systematic collection and analysis of data

Answer 5

systematic observation

Question 6

scientists focus on questions that can be answered using empirical methods

Answer 6

empirically solvable problems

Question 7

scientific knowledge is public - published in academic journals and shared with other scientists

Answer 7

publicly verifiable knowledge

Question 8

not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

Answer 8

objective

Question 9

practices which are based on an explicit theoretical model including an articulation of casual link

Answer 9

theory driven

Question 10

papers reviewed and critiqued by other scientists before being published

Answer 10

peer review

Question 11

scientists attempt to replicate findings from their own and others’ work

Answer 11

replication

Question 12

scientists focus on disconfirming rather than on confirming claims

Answer 12

falsification (=refute)

Question 13

Psychology connects with lots other scientific disciplines, hence is identified as a …

Answer 13

scientific hub

Question 14

Levels of Analysis Framework: (3)

Answer 14

1. Biological
2. Psychology
3. Environmental

Question 15

Two major differences of basic/fundamental vs applied research:

Answer 15

Basic:
- advancing science
- question of interest

Applied:
- specific practical problems
- solutions

Question 16

What are the 3 stages of Robbers Cave Experiment?

Answer 16

1. In group formation
2. Friction phase
3. Integration phase

Question 17

Competition will increase intergroup hostility:

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

Engaging in enjoyable activities together will reduce intergroup hostility

Answer 18

no

Question 19

Engaging in cooperative activities with shared goals will reduce hostility

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

After 8 weeks, Jigsaw students expressed (A) prejudice and negative stereotyping, were (B) self-confident, compared to traditional ones
- Jigsaw Classroom by Aronson

Answer 20

A: less
B: more

Question 21

Effect arising from participants expectations regarding the study

Answer 21

Placebo effect

Question 22

Tendency, after an event, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been forseen

Answer 22

hindsight bias

Question 23

Brain processes, genetic influences, hormones or neurotransmitters are factors of which level of analysis framework?

Answer 23

Biological

Question 24

Thoughts, feelings, motives are factors of which level of analysis framework

Answer 24

Psychological

Question 24

Past, current events, physical, social environments are factors of which level of analysis framework?

Answer 24

Environmental

Question 25

Cartesian dualism by (A) states that mind and body are (B) entities

Answer 25

A: Descartes B: separate

Question 26

Which early perspective of the mind states that matter exists in material, deterministic world and mind in the mental world, and the mind interferes by pulling the lever - pineal gland - for body control?

Answer 26

Cartesian dualism

Question 27

Hobbes once said our Mental events are product of physical events in the brain. What perspective is it?

Answer 27

Monism - body and mind as a single entity

Question 28

J. Locke argued that observation and sensory experience is more essential for understanding the mind because … is flawed?

Answer 28

Reason

Question 29

The mind is the product of ... continuity between human and non human animals. Who and what?

Answer 29

biological - Darwin, Darwinism

Question 30

Titchener was the student of Wundt (the father of psychology) who came up with ... which focuses of identifying BASIC building blocks or STRUCTURES of the mind

Answer 30

Structuralism

Question 31

A structuralist model that studies mental phenomena through sensation, perception and attention

Answer 31

Introspection

Question 32

What are the 4 criticisms of introspection?

Answer 32

1. too subjective 2. not replicable 3. not reliable 4. lack of generalizability

Question 33

W. James is the father of American psychology who came up with ... which focuses on how and why has the mind adapted to suit our environment

Answer 33

Functionalism

Question 34

"The unconscious mind profoundly influences behaviour" is which theory by who?

Answer 34

Psychodynamics by Freud

Question 35

Psychodynamics suggest that behaviour is a result of unconscious struggle between (A) and (B)

Answer 35

A: internal defences B: impulses

Question 36

... is a force that lies behind and prevents us from unleashing animalistic, base desires in the unconscious mind

Answer 36

Psychic energy

Question 37

Exploring unconscious forces of the mind is ...

Answer 37

psychoanalysis

Question 38

Recalling a stream of consciousness (any thoughts that come into mind) is what technique?

Answer 38

Free Association Technique

Question 39

Modern psychodynamic theory focuses on: 1. early (A) relationships 2. social factors 3. (B) identity 4. personality

Answer 39

1. early family relationships 2. social factors 3. self identity 4. personality

Question 40

Early experience with caregivers shape the views that people form themselves and others is which theory?

Answer 40

Object Relation theory

Question 41

Watson viewed that humans are products of their experience and environment. 1. Complete objectivity 2. Prediction and control over behaviour 3. studies on animals for similarities What is this theory?

Answer 41

Behaviourism

Question 42

Behaviour is defined in terms of (A) and (B).

Answer 42

stimulus response

Question 43

Skinner's Reward and Punishment is ... behaviorism that is a deterministic approach extending from functionalism

Answer 43

radical

Question 44

Skinner Box, an example of operant conditioning shows that Stimulus and Response ... over time

Answer 44

pair

Question 45

... behaviorism replaces Skinner's approach by stating that "Most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling (...) this coded information serves a guide for action - Bandura

Answer 45

Cognitive

Question 46

Maslow and Rogers bring up the 3rd force in psychology by using (A) methods. They focused on (B) movement. Which perspective is this?

Answer 46

- Qualitative - Positive - Humanism

Question 47

Realization of one's full potential or process of developing one's self concept is called:

Answer 47

Self actualization

Question 48

Which perspective argues that psychology is embedded within a culture and governed by Social norms where social values are passed down through socialization?

Answer 48

Socio-culturalism

Question 49

Gestalt psychology or ... states that the WHOLE is greater than the SUM of its parts. They rejected the reductionist approach of structuralism and behaviourism

Answer 49

Cognitivism

Question 50

Mind as a computer, where models of information processing explain behaviour is ... cognitivism

Answer 50

modern

Question 51

How behaviour is influenced by neural processes and other physiological systems is which perspective?

Answer 51

biological

Question 52

What are the 6 major perspectives of psychology?

Answer 52

1. Psychodynamic 2. Behavioural 3. Humanistic 4. Cognitive 5. Sociocultural 6. Biological

Question 53

S. Freud's psychoanalytical perspective: 1. ID - is 100% (A) - functions on (B) principle 2. Superego - mostly (C) - functions on (D) principle 3. Ego - mostly (A) - functions on (E) principle

Answer 53

A: conscious B: pleasure C: unconscious D: moral E: reality

Question 54

Which perspectives investigate at the level of nerves, neurotransmitters, brain circuitry and the basic biological process that underlie normal and abnormal behaviour?

Answer 54

Biological

Question 55

The body's control center has 3 major functions: 1. (A) input: receive info from a stimulus 2. (B) - integrates info with other stimuli, memories, learning, emotions 3. (C) response/output - sends signals to muscles or glands to initiate a response

Answer 55

1. sensory input: receive info from a stimulus 2. integration - integrates info with other stimuli, memories, learning, emotions 3. motor response - sends signals to muscles or glands to initiate a response (output)

Question 56

Neurons that connect neurons to other sets of neurons in the brain and spinal cord and are involved in complex reflexes

Answer 56

interneurons

Question 57

Neurons that receive signals (Sensory inputs) from the sense organs and transmit these to the spinal cord and brain (afferent)

Answer 57

sensory

Question 58

Neurons that transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord (output impulses) to muscles or glands (efferent)

Answer 58

motor

Question 59

2 main functions of CNS

Answer 59

1. integrate signals from and to PNS 2. Respond to signals by coordinating conscious and unconscious activity

Question 60

The voluntary nervous system is associated with transmission of signals from sensory receptors to brain and spinal cord. Which system is this?

Answer 60

Somatic

Question 61

How to remember which is + charged and - charged: remember the action potential graph which starts at a very low mV and then excited to higher mV

Answer 61

just a reminder

Question 62

Action potential is a All or nothing event that occurs (A) and at (B) intensity

Answer 62

A: uniformly B: maximum

Question 63

The membrane closing the sodium channels at the first point of excitement and opening the potassium channels which allow K+ to flow out is referred to as ... period

Answer 63

ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY

Question 64

Postsynaptic ending contains receptors sites which has ... specificity to specific neurotransmitters

Answer 64

SHAPE

Question 65

Excitatory postsynaptic potential is also called

Answer 65

Depolarization

Question 66

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential is also called

Answer 66

Hyperpolarization

Question 67

Crowning feature of the brain is ... which makes you unique

Answer 67

cerebral cortex

Question 68

Brain is divided into 3 major subdivisions

Answer 68

1. Hindbrain 2. Midbrain 3. Forebrain

Question 69

Hindbrain is the most (A) subdivison and (B) structurally that contains BRAIN STEM and CEREBELLUM

Answer 69

A: primitive B: lowest

Question 70

The mini brain that is the motor coordination center and has more neurons that rest of the brain is ... IT IS EASILY DESTROYED BY ALCOHOLS

Answer 70

Cerebellum

Question 71

Relays sensory info between the cerebellum and the cerebrum, helps to regulate sleep and control vital functions

Answer 71

pons

Question 72

supports vital life functions such as respiration and heart rate

Answer 72

medulla

Question 73

Smaller area between forebrain and hindbrain located at top of brain stem

Answer 73

Midbrain

Question 74

Relays sensory info to forebrain structures involved in PERCEPTION and controls eye movements

Answer 74

Midbrain

Question 75

- finger shaped structure that extends from hindbrain up into lower portions of forebrain - brain's gatekeeper - consciousness, sleep, wakefulness and attention

Answer 75

reticular formation

Question 76

The most advanced portion of the brain which has cerebrum and diencephalon

Answer 76

forebrain

Question 77

1. Brain's sensory switchboard 2. Recognizes, organizes, and sends sensory info to right parts of brain

Answer 77

Thalamus

Question 78

1. Regulates ANS and HORMONE secretion via pituitary gland 2. Reward and Punishment

Answer 78

Hypothalamus

Question 79

Located deep within cerebral hemisphere that contains hippocampus and amygdala

Answer 79

Limbic system

Question 80

Structured involved in forming and retrieving memories

Answer 80

hippocampus

Question 81

Structure responsible for - Emotional processing, esp aggression and fear - As well as solidification and retrieval of emotional memories

Answer 81

amygdala

Question 82

Cerebral cortex is not essential for physical survival but for ... of living

Answer 82

quality