L1: Overview

Question 1

The time period when animals were first domesticated

Answer 1

8000 BC - 1000 BC

Question 2

The time period when plants were first cultivated

Answer 2

5000 BC

Question 3

Argued that active humors in the body served as bearers of hereditary traits

Answer 3

On the Seed of the Hippocratic treatise

Question 4

Proposed that the male semen contained a vital heat capable of producing offspring of the same form as the parent

Answer 4

Aristotle

Question 5

Studied reproduction and proposed the theory of epigenesis

Answer 5

William Harvey

Question 6

A theory stating that an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the egg into an adult

Answer 6

Theory of Epigenesis

Question 7

A theory stating that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called a homonculus

Answer 7

Theory of Preformation

Question 8

Proposed the cell theory which states that all organisms are composed of cells derived form preexisting cells

Answer 8

Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann

Question 9

Disproved the idea of spontaneous generation

Answer 9

Louis Pasteur

Question 10

Formulated the theory of natural selection

Answer 10

Charles Darwin

Question 11

Formulated and proposed independently natural selection which is based on the observation that populations tend to contain more offspring than the environment can support

Answer 11

Alfred Wallace

Question 12

Published a paper in 1866 showing how traits were passed from generation to generation in pea plants and how traits are inherited

Answer 12

Gregor Mendel

Question 13

Independently formulated the chromosome theory of inheritance

Answer 13

Walter Sutton
Theodor Boveri

Question 14

A theory stating that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation

Answer 14

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Question 15

Published experiments showing DNA was the carrier of genetic information in bacteria

Answer 15

Oswald Avery
Colin Macleod
Maclyn McCarty

Question 16

Described the structure of DNA and were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1962

Answer 16

James Watson
Francis Crick

Question 17

Used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, producing a reproducible set of fragments

Answer 17

Restriction Enzymes

Question 18

The use of recombinant DNA technology and other molecular techniques to make products

Answer 18

Biotechnology

Question 19

The transfer of heritable traits across species using recombinant DNA technology creates […]

Answer 19

transgenic organisms

Question 20

When was Dolly the sheep cloned via nuclear transfer?

Answer 20

1996

Question 21

When did the Human Genome Project begin?

Answer 21

1990

Question 22

Branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation

Answer 22

Genetics

Question 23

Classically defined as a unit of heredity

Answer 23

Genes

Question 24

A segment of DNA with information to produce a functional product

Answer 24

Genes

Question 25

The 4 important macromolecules

Answer 25

- Nucleic Acids - Proteins - Carbohydrates - Lipids

Question 26

The largest macromolecule found in living cells

Answer 26

DNA

Question 27

The building blocks of DNA

Answer 27

Nucleotides

Question 28

The characteristics of a cell depend on the types of [...] it makes

Answer 28

proteins

Question 29

The entire collection of proteins that a cell makes at a given time

Answer 29

Proteome

Question 30

4 functions of proteins

Answer 30

- shape and structure - transport of ions and molecules - biological motors - cell-cell recognition and signaling

Question 31

[...] accelerate chemical reactions and are a particularly important category of proteins

Answer 31

Enzymes

Question 32

The 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA

Answer 32

- Adenine - Thymine - Guanine - Cytosine

Question 33

A three-base sequence which specifies one amino acid among 20 possible choices

Answer 33

Codon

Question 34

The process of using a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of cells and organisms

Answer 34

Gene Expression

Question 35

**Gene Expression** *Step 1*: The DNA sequence within a gene is copied into a nucleotide sequence of RNA

Answer 35

Transcription

Question 36

**Gene Expression** *Step 2*: The sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA provides the information to produce the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Answer 36

Translation

Question 37

**Gene Expression** *Step 3*: A polypeptide [...]

Answer 37

folds into a three-dimensional structure

Question 38

**Gene Expression** *Step 4*: The functioning of proteins largely determines [...]

Answer 38

cell structure and fuction

Question 39

Any characteristics than an organism display

Answer 39

Traits

Question 40

4 levels of biological organization in observations and theories

Answer 40

- Molecular - Cellular - Organism - Population

Question 41

Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population

Answer 41

Genetic Variation

Question 42

Heritable changes in the genetic material that may alter the expression or function of a protein that a gene specifies

Answer 42

Gene Mutations

Question 43

Refers to the effects of environmental variation on an individual's traits

Answer 43

Norm of Reaction

Question 44

A human genetic disease that prevents individuals from breaking down phenylalanine in foods

Answer 44

Phenylketonuria

Question 45

Two copies of a chromosome are called [...] of each other

Answer 45

homologs

Question 46

**Field of Genetics** Examines the relationship between the transmission of genes from parent to offspring and the outcome of the offspring's traits

Answer 46

Transmission Genetics

Question 47

**Field of Genetics** Studies how the genetic material works at the molecules level

Answer 47

Molecular Genetics

Question 48

**Field of Genetics** Explains the prevalence of certain alleles within populations of individuals

Answer 48

Population Genetics

Question 49

2 reasons why model organisms are used for experiments

Answer 49

1. Genetic mechanisms were the same in most organisms 2. The model organisms had characteristics that made them especially suitable for genetic research

Question 50

The 7 model organisms discussed

Answer 50

- *Escherichia coli* - *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* - *Caenorhabditis elegans* - *Drosophila melanogaster* - *Danio rerio* - *Mus musculus* - *Arabidopsis thaliana*