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PSYC 305 > L10/CH19 > Flashcards

L10/CH19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality disorder (Schneider)

A

an unusually extreme and problematic degree of one or more attributes of personality

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2
Q

Personality disorder (DSM-5)

A

enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the norms and expectations of the individual’s culture

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3
Q

4 key criterias of personality disorders (DSM-5)

A

pervasive and inflexible; has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood; stable over time; often ego-syntonic (aligns with self-image)

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4
Q

How are symptoms of personality disorders viewed?

A

maladaptive variations within the domains of traits, emotions, cognitions, motives, and self-concept

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5
Q

What do personality disorders lead to?

A

distress/impairment

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6
Q

What do all personality disorders involve?

A

impaired social relations

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7
Q

What must personality disorders not be attributable to?

A

drug abuse, medication, or other medical conditions

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8
Q

Cluster A or eccentric cluster

A

people appear odd and eccentric, and do not get along well with others

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9
Q

3 disorders in cluster A

A

paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal

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10
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent

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11
Q

3 behaviors in paranoid personality disorder

A

reads hidden negative meaning into benign remarks; persistently bears grudges and unforgiving; perceives attacks on character or reputation unobserved by others

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12
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

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13
Q

3 behaviors in schizoid personality disorder

A

neither desires nor enjoys close relationships; prefers solitary activities and takes pleasure in few activities; emotional coldness, detachment, flattened emotions

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14
Q

How does autism differ from schizoid personality disorder?

A

more affected by deficits in social skills than in social motivation; age of diagnosis

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15
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior

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16
Q

Behaviors common in schizotypal personality disorder

A

excessive social anxiety that doesn’t diminish; odd beliefs, magical thinking, meaning in unusual things; odd speech, behavior, appearance; suspiciousness or paranoid ideation; inappropriate or constricted emotion

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17
Q

How does schizophrenia differ from schizotypal personality disorder?

A

psychotic symptoms like hallucinations

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18
Q

Cluster B or erratic cluster

A

people appear erratic and emotional, and have difficulties getting along with others

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19
Q

4 disorders in cluster B

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

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20
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, criminality, impulsivity, and failure to learn from experience

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21
Q

Behaviors in antisocial personality disorder

A

failure to conform to social norms and laws; deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness, irresponsibility; reckless disregard for safety of self or others; lack of remorse

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22
Q

How does antisocial personality disorder differ from others?

A

symptoms are largely objective (e.g. must be 18; must have evidence of conduct disorder before 15)

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23
Q

Psychopathy

A

similar to APD but more severe, and emphasizes more subjective traits

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24
Q

Subjective traits in psychopathy

A

incapacity to experience guilt, superficial charm (glib), callous social attitudes

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25
Triarchic model of psychopathy
boldness, meanness, and disinhibition (lack of impulse control)
26
How does sociopathy differ from psychopathy?
sociopaths are less organized/more obvious in behavior, less violent, maintain some emotions
27
Items from the psychopathy checklist
glibness/superficial charm; grandiose sense of self-worth; pathological lying, manipulative; lack of remorse; impulsivity, irresponsibility; early behavior problems; many short-term marital relationships
28
Evidence for role of nature/genetics in psychopathy
reduced fear response; functional and structural differences in the brain; 69% heritability of APD/psychopathy traits in sample of twins
29
Evidence of the role of nurture in psychopathy
individuals with APD/psychopathy are more likely to have been abused early in life (over 80% have history of childhood trauma)
30
Brain activity in a psychopath
less coordinated activity between amygdala (fear, anxiety) and prefrontal cortex (guilt, empathy)
31
Relationship of APD with confinement
50% prevalence among prisoners (70-100% of males); 50% of people with APD have arrest records
32
Prevalence of psychopathy among prisoners
25-28% of male prisoners are psychopaths and are more likely to recidivate after release
33
Prevalence of psychopathy among corporate professionals
between 3-21% of corporate professionals are psychopaths
34
Successful psychopathy
absence of negative consequences and presence of positive outcomes
35
What makes some psychopaths more successful?
intelligence, higher executive functioning, charisma
36
Borderline personality disorder
pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and marked impulsivity
37
Symptoms of Borderline PD
unstable, intense relationships; frantic efforts to avoid abandonment; self-damaging impulsivity (e.g. spending, sex, substance abuse); recurrent suicidal or self-harming behavior; emotional instability/reactivity; stress-related paranoia and dissociative symptoms
38
How does bipolar disorder differ from BPD?
more frequent emotional stability and less anger
39
Histrionic personality disorder
pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
40
Symptoms of histrionic PD
inappropriate, sexually seductive/provocative behavior; exaggerated and theatrical emotions; uncomfortable when not center of attention; rapidly shifting and shallow emotions; suggestible
41
Narcissistic personality disorder
pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
42
Symptoms of narcissistic PD
fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty; belief that one is special; sense of entitlement and arrogance; envy; interpersonally exploitative
43
What other PD does histrionic PD overlap with?
narcissistic
44
Externalizing disorders
effect is external or outwardly expressed wherein heightened status, dominance, power are related to mania-proneness and narcissistic traits
45
3 PDs that are externalizing disorders
antisocial, narcissistic, conduct
46
Hubris syndrome
tendency to display antisocial and narcissistic traits as people gain status and power
47
Internalizing disorders
effect is internal wherein subordination, submissiveness, and the desire to avoid subordination are related to anxiety and depression
48
Cluster C or anxious cluster
people appear anxious, fearful, and apprehensive; have trouble with relationships
49
3 personality disorders in cluster C
avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
50
Avoidant personality disorder
pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
51
Symptoms of avoidant PD
avoids activities over fear of criticism, rejection, embarrassment; preoccupied with criticism and rejection; inhibited in new relationships due to fear of inadequacy
52
How does social anxiety differ from avoidant PD?
less persistent across situations and involves more awareness that fears are irrational
53
Dependent personality disorder
pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of
54
Symptoms of dependent PD
difficulty making own decisions; uncomfortable when alone; needs others to assume responsibilities; constant need to be in relationship; preoccupied with fears of being left to care for oneself
55
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control
56
Symptoms of OCPD
preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, schedules; rigidity, stubbornness, perfectionism that interferes with task completion; excessively devoted to work and productivity; overly conscientious and inflexible in moral and ethical matters
57
How does OCD differ from OCPD?
more severe and disruptive; involves obsessions (recurring thoughts, images, urges) and compulsions (repetitive thoughts and mental acts)
58
Prevalence rate for having at least one PD
between 9-13%
59
Sex differences in PDs
small to moderate, except in antisocial which is more prevalent in males
60
Common treatment for PDs
combination of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions
61
Benefit of therapy
gain awareness of and manage symptoms (e.g. CBT, emotion-regulation therapy, schema therapy)
62
Benefit of medications
controls more difficult symptoms (e.g. mood stabilizers, antidepressants, anti-psychotics, anxiolytics)
63
Can PDs ever go away with treatment?
they are defined as chronic but some evidence shows that certain PDs (e.g. BPD) respond well to treatment and may remit over time (although psychosocial functioning remains impaired)
64
Big 5 trait related to BPD
high neuroticism
65
Big 5 trait related to BPD
high neuroticism
66
Big 5 trait related to avoidant
extreme introversion and high neuroticism
67
Big 5 trait related to histrionic
extreme extraversion
68
Big 5 trait related to obsessive-compulsive
extreme conscientiousness
69
Big 5 trait related to schizoid
extreme introversion and low neuroticism
70
Big 5 trait related to schizotypal
introversion, high neuroticism, low agreeableness, extreme openness
71
Revisions in the alternative DSM-5 model for PDs
4 PDs and clusters removed; characterized by impairments in personality functioning and pathological personality traits
72
4 PDs that were removed in alternative DSM-5 and reason
schizoid, histrionic, dependent, paranoid because they aren't sufficiently coherent, common, or distinct
73
3 steps of diagnosis according to alternative DSM-5
assessment of level of impairment in personality, whether or not one of the 6 PDs are present, and pathological personality traits
74
Examples of pathological personality traits
negative affectivity (high neuroticism), detachment (low extraversion), antagonism (low agreeableness), disinhibition (low conscientiousness), psychoticism (high openness)
75
Positive psychology
complementary field of psychology that moves beyond simply treating mental illness and dysfunction (flourishing and thriving)
76
Character strengths and virtues handbook
identifies 6 classes of virtues (wisdom and knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence) made of 24 measurable character strengths
77
Big 5 traits associated with forgiveness
high agreeableness, low neuroticism, high conscientiousness, high extraversion
78
What feelings/behaviors is forgiveness correlated with?
positive affect and life satisfaction; lower rumination, vengeance, hostility; lower anxiety and depression
79
Mindfulness
purposeful attention to and awareness of the present moment, approached with an attitude of openness, acceptance, and non-judgement
80
Big 5 traits correlated with mindfulness trait
conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, low neuroticism; extraversion unclear; resilience
81
Flow
state of complete absorption in work, play, or creative expression
82
Feelings involved in flow
intense concentration; loss of self, time, and environmental awareness; feeling perfectly challenged (neither bored nor overwhelmed); activity becomes an end in itself
83
Alternative names for flow
runner's high; being in the zone; peak experiences
84
Autotelic or flow personality
disposition to actively seek challenges and flow experiences
85
Big 5 traits correlated with autotelic personality
low neuroticism, high conscientiousness, higher extraversion, lower agreeableness; openness inconsistent
86
Difference between flow and openness
openness is a more cognitive trait while flow depends on sensorimotor feedback
87
3 traits most consistently associated with success
drive, open-mindedness, creativity
88
Big 5 traits associated with hireability and success
high conscientiousness (tops the list), emotional stability, agreeableness
89
Big 5 traits associated with good leadership
low neuroticism, high openness, high extraversion, balanced conscientiousness, agreeableness
90
Benefits of having a diverse work team
more productive, innovative, financially successful, make smarter decisions

PSYC 305 (10 decks)

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