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PSYC 305 > L9/CH13/CH18 > Flashcards

L9/CH13/CH18 Flashcards

1
Q

Health according to WHO

A

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease

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2
Q

Mental health according to Galderisi

A

a dynamic state of internal equilibrium that enables individuals to use their abilities in harmony with universal values of society

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3
Q

Mental health according to WHO

A

realizing potential

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4
Q

Adjustment

A

process of altering behavior to reach a harmonious relationship with one’s environment (e.g. coping with stress, maintaining emotional equilibrium)

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5
Q

Stress

A

a stimulus (e.g. life event, daily hassle) as a response (e.g. fight-or-flight) or as a transaction; subjective feeling produced by events that are uncontrollable or threatening

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6
Q

Transactional model of stress

A

explains how an event is appraised by an individual: primary and secondary

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7
Q

Primary appraisal

A

evaluating whether an event is relevant, threatening/demanding, or a challenge

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8
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

evaluating whether one has the coping resources to deal with an event and what the best course of action is

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9
Q

Coping

A

behavioral response to an event or efforts to manage both internal and external demands, whether successful or not

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10
Q

Transactional model of personality

A

personality can affect the coping response, how a person appraises events, and the events themselves

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11
Q

Appraisal of those high in neuroticism

A

likely to perceive events as stressful/severe, threatening and exhibit greater stress reactivity

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12
Q

Appraisal of those high in extraversion

A

less likely to perceive events as stressful and more likely to appraise events as challenges

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13
Q

Appraisal of those high in agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness

A

low appraisals of threat

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14
Q

Coping strategies of those high in neuroticism

A

greater variety of less effective strategies; more passive and emotion-focused (e.g. self-blame); confrontation/withdrawal

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15
Q

Coping strategies of those high in extraversion

A

more problem-solving; fewer maladaptive strategies and more support-seeking; more positive thinking/reappraisal

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16
Q

Coping strategies of those high in agreeableness

A

likely to engage/protect relationships and seek support; less confrontation; more forgiveness and positive reappraisal

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17
Q

Coping strategies of those high in conscientiousness

A

more active, problem-solving strategies

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18
Q

Coping strategies of those high in openness

A

more positive reappraisal and more likely to use humor

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19
Q

3 main characteristics of hardiness

A

control (internal locus), commitment (sense of purpose and involvement in life), appraisal of events as challenges

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20
Q

Psychological resilience

A

recovery from stress/adversity without a lasting impact (i.e. positive adaptation or successful coping)

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21
Q

3 positive aspects of personality involved in trait resilience

A

self-esteem, personal control, optimism

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22
Q

Ego-resiliency

A

an individual’s adaptive reserve or dynamic ability to temporarily change reactions and perceptions to meet the situational demands of life

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23
Q

Ego-control

A

a person’s ability to control their behavior and impulses

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24
Q

Health behaviors associated with conscientiousness

A

more healthy behaviors and fewer unhealthy or harmful behaviors

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25
Health behaviors associated with neuroticism and extraversion
harmful behaviors like smoking
26
Health outcomes associated with high neuroticism and low extraversion
high rates of morbidity/mortality and lower life expectancy overall
27
Health outcomes associated with high neuroticism and low extraversion in those with poor health
low mortality (worry can lead to intervention)
28
Health outcomes associated with high agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness
lower rates of morbidity and higher life expectancy
29
What is a risk factor for all-cause mortality?
low conscientiousness in midlife
30
Healthy neuroticism (Friedman)
the co-occurrence of high neuroticism and high conscientiousness
31
Behaviors of someone with healthy neuroticism
neuroticism leads to hypervigilance about health while conscientiousness provides the self-discipline and planning needed to take adaptive action
32
Health outcomes associated with healthy neuroticism
lower inflammation and BMI, and less chronic disease
33
Predisposition model
associations may exist between personality and illness because of a 3rd variable that is causing them both, a predisposition
34
Predisposition for illness and behaviors/emotions comprising neuroticism
enhanced sympathetic (fight-or-flight system) reactivity
35
Predisposition for novelty-seeking and drug addiction
variant or specific alleles of the DRD4 gene that requires more stimulation to reach optimal arousal
36
3 key components of an emotion
distinct subjective feeling or affect; bodily changes or symptoms; action tendencies (e.g. running away, fighting back)
37
3 criterias for a basic emotion
has a distinct facial expression; recognized across cultures; universal
38
6 primary emotions
anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness
39
5 additional primary emotions
contempt, shame, embarrassment, amusement, pride
40
2 factors that appear to underlie emotions
valence (pleasure-displeasure) and arousal (high-low activation)
41
2 perspectives of emotions
temporary states that are situational or specific; trait-like and experienced more frequently/consistently over time
42
Emotional style vs content
how emotions are typically experienced (e.g. variable, intense); what types of emotions are frequently experienced
43
High affect intensity/variability
emotions experienced strongly; emotionally reactive and variable
44
Traits associated with high affect intensity/variability
high neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience
45
Low affect intensity/variability
emotions experienced mildly; only gradual fluctuations over time and minor emotional reactions
46
4 primary emotions highly associated with personality
unpleasant emotions (anxiety, depression, anger/hostility); pleasant emotions (happiness or subjective well-being)
47
Beck's cognitive triad
depressed people have negative schemas of the self, the world, and the future
48
4 cognitive distortions associated with Beck's cognitive triad
overgeneralizing, arbitrary inferences, personalizing, catastrophizing
49
Overgeneralizing
taking one instance and generalizing to many or all other instances (i.e. blowing things out of proportion)
50
Arbitrary inferences
jumping to negative conclusions
51
Personalizing
assuming that everything is your fault
52
3 characteristics of type A personality
hostility (anger); competitive and achievement-striving; time-urgency (impatience)
53
Type B personality (opposite end of continuum)
less competitive; more emotionally stable, creative, and reflective
54
2 complementary components of happiness
life satisfaction (cognitive) and hedonic balance (affective)
55
Hedonic balance
ratio of a person's positive emotions to their negative emotions, averaged over time
56
Dispositional happiness (subjective well-being)
greater tendency to experience happiness over time compared to others
57
3 components of dispositional happiness
cognitive appraisal of satisfaction with life; presence of positive emotions; absence of negative emotions
58
Do demographics or personality account for more variance in happiness?
personality traits account for 3x more of the variance in happiness than demographics, which accounts for 10-15%
59
Trait tendencies of happy people
high in extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness; low in neuroticism
60
Does money buy happiness?
prosocial spending has a greater positive impact than spending on oneself; .12 to .25 correlation between income and happiness
61
Dispositional empathy
ability to imagine oneself in another's place and understand the other's feelings, desires, ideas, and actions
62
4 components of dispositional empathy
perspective taking, fantasy (identifying with fictional characters), empathic concern (associated with agreeableness), personal distress (anxiety from negative experiences of others; associated with neuroticism)
63
Social benefits of empathy (especially perspective taking)
reduces problematic social attitudes and behaviors (e.g. prejudice, stereotype expression, interpersonal aggression; improves health precautions during disease outbreaks)
64
Relationship between money/power and empathy
high SES people show less activity in brain regions associated with empathy while low SES people show more empathy, prosocial behavior, compassion
65
Behavioral tendencies of rich people
cut in front while driving; ignore pedestrians; take candy from jar for children; lie to get money
66
Psychological disorder
pattern of behavior or experience that's distressing and painful to the person, and leads to disability or impairment in important life domains
67
What are psychological disorders associated with?
increased risk of further suffering, loss of function, death, or confinement
68
3 definitions of abnormality
statistical infrequency (2+ SDs above or below mean); failure to function adequately or successfully; violation of social norms and standards
69
3 disorder controversies
the extent to which we should pathologize (e.g. extreme racism or homophobia); labelling (either helpful or stigmatizing); defining what's abnormal
70
Consensus regarding whether disorders are categorical or dimensional
no sharp dividing line between psychopathology and normal variation
71
3 main routes to happiness in authentic happiness theory
pleasure, engagement, meaning
72
Pleasant life
maximizing pleasurable experiences and minimizing painful ones
73
Engaged life
happiness is achieved through experiences of flow
74
Meaningful life
happiness is achieved by cultivating character strengths and virtues and using them to benefit others
75
Interactional model of personality
personality influences how we cope, and moderates the relationship between stress-inducing events and illness
76
Transactional model of personality
personality can influence coping, appraisal, or the events themselves; reciprocal influence between stressful events and people
77
Health behavior model of personality
personality affects health indirectly through health-promoting or degrading behaviors
78
Predisposition model of personality
personality and illness are both expressions of an underlying predisposition
79
Illness behavior model of personality
personality influences the degree to which a person perceives and attends to bodily sensations, and interprets those an illness, which then influences their illness behaviors
80
3 common attributes of stressors
extreme; often produce opposing tendencies; uncontrollable
81
3 stages in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
82
Alarm stage in GAS
fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system and the associated peripheral nervous system reactions
83
Resistance stage in GAS
fight-or-flight response has subsided but the body is expending too many resources and exerting too much effort
84
Exhaustion stage in GAS
person becomes susceptible to illness as physiological resources are depleted

PSYC 305 (10 decks)

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