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PSYC 305 > L2/CH3 > Flashcards

L2/CH3 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of personality assessment

A

descriptive and explanatory research

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2
Q

Descriptive research

A

used to describe personality

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3
Q

Explanatory research

A

used to discover relationships between traits or between personality and other phenomena

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4
Q

Examples of descriptive research

A

self-reports, observer-reports, test data, life history/life-outcome data

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5
Q

Examples of explanatory research

A

experimental methods (e.g. true experiments, quasi-experiments), correlational studies

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6
Q

Correlational studies

A

non-experimental methods to identify associations (e.g. cross-sectional, longitudinal)

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7
Q

What does it mean when a relationship/result is significant?

A

the observation is likely caused by something other than random chance

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8
Q

Replication

A

process of repeating a study in a different population/context; key to gaining confidence in findings

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9
Q

Meta-analysis

A

statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies

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10
Q

How is a meta-analysis conducted?

A

look at whether the effect size of a particular relationship/phenomena is consistent across studies that have been standardized, compared/summarized

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11
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

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12
Q

Where do most psychology citations come from?

A

70% from the US

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13
Q

Case study

A

in-depth examination of the life of one person

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14
Q

3 characteristics of a case study

A

descriptive, exploratory, explanatory

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15
Q

3 definitions of traits

A

basic building blocks of personality; universal dimensions with individual differences; any adjective or noun that describes the way some people are and others aren’t

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16
Q

2 different perspectives of traits

A

internal causal properties vs descriptive summaries of behavior

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17
Q

Traits as internal and causal

A

people carry their needs and wants from one situation to the next and these can explain their behavior

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18
Q

Traits as descriptive

A

descriptive summaries of trends in a person’s expressed behavior with no assumption of internality or causality

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19
Q

Act frequency approach

A

counting the number of times one engages in a behavior

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20
Q

3 key elements of the act frequency approach

A

act nomination, prototypicality judgement, recording of act performance

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21
Q

Act nomination

A

process of identifying which acts belong to which trait categories

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22
Q

Prototypicality judgement

A

process of identifying which acts are most prototypical of each trait category

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23
Q

Recording of the act performance

A

gathering information on the actual performance of individuals in their daily lives

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24
Q

3 approaches to identifying which traits are most important

A

lexical, statistical, theoretical

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25
What does it mean that some traits are more important than others?
they account for more variance in the population
26
Lexical hypothesis
all important individual differences have been encoded within language over time as trait terms, which are important for communication
27
2 criteria for identifying important traits
synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality
28
Statistical approach
statistical methods are used to organize and categorize a large, diverse pool of items (usually identified using the lexical approach) based on their covariance
29
What is the primary statistical method used?
factor analysis
30
Factor analysis
identifies groups of items that covary but tend not to covary with other groups; reveals underlying factors with a common property
31
Theoretical approach
a theoretical framework is used, which determines which variables or traits are important to study
32
Taxonomy
classification scheme that identifies and names groups within a subject field
33
5 trait taxonomies
eysenck's hierarchical model of personality, grey's reinforcement sensitivity theory, wiggins interpersonal circumplex, five-factor model of personality, HEXACO model of personality
34
2 criteria for personality traits in the hierarchical model of personality
must be heritable and must have psychophysiological foundation
35
3 broad traits in the hierarchical model of personality
extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
36
What does each broad trait consist of?
narrow traits, habitual actions, specific actions
37
Examples of narrow traits in extraversion
surgent, active, assertive, lively, sociable, carefree, dominant, sensation-seeking
38
Surgent
tending toward positive affect
39
How do introverts reach to moderate-high levels of stimulation?
higher cortical and nervous system arousal compared to extraverts
40
Examples of narrow traits in neuroticism
tense, anxious, depressed, emotional, irrational, low-self esteem
41
What psychophysiological phenomena is neuroticism associated with?
greater reactivity to stress and negative stimuli
42
Examples of narrow traits in psychoticism
antisocial, aggressive, cold, egocentric, creative, impulsive
43
Antisocial
socially disruptive; causing harm to and/or violating the rights of others
44
What psychophysiological phenomena is psychoticism associated with?
higher testosterone and lower monoamine oxidase (MAO)
45
Monoamine oxidase
neurotransmitter regulator; prevents the overabundance of testosterone
46
2 hypothesized biological systems in the brain according to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory
one that is responsive to reward and another that is responsive to punishment
47
Trait displayed by people more sensitive to reward vs punishment
impulsive; anxious
48
3 systems in Gray's revised theory
behavioral activation system (BAS), fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS), behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
49
Behavioral activation system
brain system responsive to reward and motivates approach behavior
50
Traits associated with high BAS
novelty-seeking, positive emotion, extraversion
51
Fight-flight-freeze system
brain system responsive to negative (threatening/punishing) stimuli and mediates the emotion of fear
52
Traits associated with high FFFS
fear-proneness, avoidance behaviors, phobias
53
Behavioral inhibition system
brain system involved in resolving goal conflict characterized by anxiety and rumination to assess risk
54
Traits associated with high BIS
risk aversion, neuroticism
55
Interpersonal circumplex
primarily concerned with interpersonal traits or interactions between people involving social exchanges
56
2 resources that define social exchanges
love or communion (emotional component) and status or agency (social component)
57
The big two
agency and communion describe 2 primary modes of existence or motives of behavior
58
Agency
the desire to display competence and assert dominance/control; refers to existence as an individual to goal pursuit or "getting ahead"
59
Communion
warmth and morality; refers to participation of an individual in a larger organism to forming bonds or "getting along"
60
3 types of relationships between traits within the circumplex model
adjacency, bipolarity, orthogonality
61
Adjacency vs bipolarity vs orthogonality
traits that are next to each other (positively correlated), on opposite sides (negatively correlated), and perpendicular to each other (uncorrelated)
62
Five-factor model or big 5
extraversion (surgency), neuroticism (emotional instability), conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience (intellect-openness)
63
2 ways the big five taxonomy is measured
based on self-ratings of single-word trait adjectives or sentence items (e.g. NEO-PI-R)
64
High in neuroticism
prone to negative emotions (e.g. anxiety, depression, anger) rather than being emotionally resilient
65
High in extraversion
tend to be assertive and sociable rather than quiet and reserved, and enjoy engaging with the external world
66
High in openness
tend to have a broad range of interests, be sensitive to art and beauty, and prefer novelty to routine
67
Examples of narrow traits of openness
open to fantasy, ideas, aesthetics, actions, feelings, values
68
High in agreeableness
tend to be cooperative and polite rather than antagonistic and rude
69
Examples of narrow traits of agreeableness
trust in others, altruism, tender-mindedness, compliance
70
High in conscientiousness
tend to be task-focused and orderly rather than distractible and disorganized
71
Examples of narrow traits of conscientiousness
competence, self-discipline, achievement striving, order
72
2 suggested additions to the five-factor model
positive evaluation and negative evaluation
73
How are traits organized the leading models of personality?
hierarchically (broad > narrow > specific behaviors, states, experiences)
74
At what level of trait measurement can we most accurately predict outcomes?
narrow traits
75
5-factor model of positive characteristics or "high five"
erudition (high openness), peace (low neuroticism), cheerfulness (high extraversion), honesty (high agreeableness), tenacity (high conscientiousness)
76
What are the high five traits associate with?
social desirability
77
HEXACO model
honesty-humility, emotionality (e.g. sentimentality, dependence), extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience
78
High in honesty-humility
tend to be sincere, honest, faithful, loyal, modest, and unassuming rather than sly, deceitful, greedy, pretentious, hypocritical, boastful, and pompous
79
4 facets of honesty-humility
sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, modesty
80
What is low honesty-humility associated with?
the dark traits
81
The dark triad vs tetrad
narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy, (+ sadism)
82
What are the dark traits?
conceptually distinct but overlapping socially aversive/antisocial traits in the subclinical range; associated with a callous-manipulative interpersonal style
83
2 approaches to measuring traits
categorical and dimensional
84
Key difference between HEXACO and five-factor models
emotionality rather than neuroticism; low anger under agreeableness rather than low emotionality
85
Machivellianism
tendency to be cunning, deceptive, exploitative, and manipulative in interpersonal relationships for personal gain
85
Narcissism
grandiosity, entitlement, and superiority, along with frequent and excessive attention-seeking behavior
86
Subclinical psychopathy
high impulsivity, low empathy and anxiety, callous social attitudes, selfish and antisocial behavior
87
Dispositional sadism
tendency to gain enjoyment from hurting others directly or vicariously
88
Behaviors people with the dark traits tend to engage in
internet trolling, bug killing, conspiracy theories, pandemic responses
89
3 traits in the light triad
kantianism, humanism, faith in humanity
90
Kantianism
treating other people as a means to themselves and not as a means to another end
91
Humanism
valuing the dignity and worth of every person
92
Faith in humanity
believing that people are fundamentally good

PSYC 305 (10 decks)

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