Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC 305 > L3/CH4/CH5 > Flashcards

L3/CH4/CH5 Flashcards

1
Q

Situationists

A

argue that behavior varies across situations and situational differences (not traits) determine behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 assumptions made by trait psychologists

A

meaningful individual differences, consistency over time and across situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 changes made by trait psychologists

A

person-situation interaction and aggregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Integration or interactionism

A

personality and situation (or environment) interact to produce behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 types of situations

A

situational specificity, strong situations, weak situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Situational specificity

A

certain situations can bring out behavior that is out of character for an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Strong situations

A

situations in which most people react in a similar way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Weak situations

A

weak or ambiguous situations wherein personality has the strongest influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 mechanisms of interactions (sequential)

A

selection, evocation, manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Selection

A

tendency to choose situations in which one finds oneself as a function of personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Traits associated with frequent use of social media

A

extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Evocation

A

certain personality traits may naturally evoke specific responses from others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Manipulation

A

various means by which people intentionally influence others’ behavior or alter environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Selection in people high in dark tetrad traits

A

select loosely structured situations and people who admire them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 responses evoked by people high in dark tetrad traits

A

viewed as brilliant and entertaining or selfish and egocentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Manipulation in people high in dark tetrad traits

A

they manipulate the people who stick around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Person-environment fit

A

there are certain environments/situations that are more complementary to a person’s traits (i.e. the needs of a situation can be satisfied by certain traits or vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Benefit of a good person-environment fit

A

optimal functioning, performance, coping, health, happiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Myers-Briggs type indicator

A

self-report assessment of personality designed to identify psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is MBTI based on?

A

Carl Jung’s 8 psychological types (divided into perceiving and judging)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 binaries in MBTI

A

extraverted/introverted, sensing/intuitive, thinking/feeling, judging/perceiving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What traits are each of intuitive, feeling, and judging correlated with?

A

openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Extraversion vs introversion

A

draws energy from others and likes activity; draws energy from own thoughts and is reserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sensing vs intuition

A

prefers getting information from senses; prefers information from a sixth sense and recognizing what else is possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Thinking vs feeling
prefers logic, organization, and making decisions in an impersonal/objective way; prefers a person/value-oriented way of processing information, harmony, and forgiveness
26
Judging vs perceiving
prefers living a well-ordered and controlled life with rules and deadlines; prefers living spontaneously with flexibility and improvisation
27
Problems with MBTI
assumes categorical personality types rather than dimensional; low test-retest reliability; incomplete scale content; inability to predict managerial effectiveness; used due to popularity
28
Aggregation
process of averaging several single observations, which is a more reliable measure of a personality trait than a single observation
29
Traits according to aggregation
average level of experience or behavior across situations and over time, whether they are internal causal or descriptive summaries
30
2 common double standards about the impact of situations on behavior
fundamental attribution error and trait ascription bias
31
Fundamental attribution error
tendency to emphasize internal characteristics in explaining the behavior of other people but recognize situational factors in explaining our own behavior
32
Trait ascription bias
tendency to view ourselves as variable in terms of personality, behavior, and mood while viewing others as predictable across situations
33
2 main challenges in predicting single acts and behaviors
(1) causal density is high; (2) contextual factors are important and numerous
34
2 key qualities of a personality change
internal (rather than just acting differently due to a change in environment) and enduring
35
Personality development
the continuities, consistencies, and stabilities in people and the ways in which they change over time
36
3 forms of stability
rank order stability, mean level stability, personality coherence
37
Rank order
refers to one's position within a group; assessed by looking at correlation between time points through test-retest
38
Rank order change
person's trait changes relative to other individuals
39
Rank order stability
little or no change in rank-ordering or maintenance of individual position within a group
40
Mean level
average level of a trait in a population measured by looking at mean differences in longitudinal studies
41
Mean level change
average level of a trait changes over time
42
Mean level stability
no significant change in average level of a trait over time
43
Changes in sensation-seeking vs impulsivity over the lifespan
sensation-seeking peaks in late adolescence (16-20) then declines into adulthood, whereas impulsivity declines sharply early on then increases into early adolescence
44
Changes in self-esteem over the lifespan
significant decline during adolescence (especially for girls) and faster recovery for young men than young women
45
Psychological maturation
gradual increase in agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and social dominance from young adulthood to middle age
46
Which of the big 5 traits decline over the lifespan?
openness and extraversion
47
Personality changes experienced by Phineas Gage
more impulsive, indulgent, disrespectful; expressed less restraint and forethought
48
Personality changes experienced by Kent Cochrane
less sociable and thrill-seeking but no change in agreeableness
49
Why is personality considered deep psychology?
large determined by biology; personality changes typically result from injury or disease that change brain structure and function
50
Personality coherence
predictable changes in manifestations or outcomes of a trait over time, even if underlying characteristics remain stable (i.e. rank order stability)
51
Method to actively become more extraverted
setting daily intentional goals (e.g. trying to have fun, make other laugh, etc.)
52
Method to actively become less anxious
mindfulness-based meditation training (also increased conscientiousness and cooperativeness)
53
Method to actively become more open-minded
intervention to increase cognitive ability in older adults, a single high dose of psilocybin (inducing mystical experiences)
54
Effect of using acid or mushrooms on antisocial tendencies
reduces likelihood of perpetrating physical violence against partner and improves emotion regulation
55
Density distribution of states
people high in a particular trait will have state distributions that are more dense with state manifestations of that trait
56
issues in personality tests
carelessness, faking, barnum statements
57
Method for detecting carelessness in trait questionnaires
infrequency scale (contains items that almost everyone answers in a particular way); duplicate questions spaced far apart
58
Barnum statements
generalities or statements that could apply to anyone
59
3 reasons why employers use personality assessment
personnel selection, integrity testing, concerns over negligent hiring
60
Legal issues of personality assessment in workplace
violation of right to privacy, discrimination, disparate impact, race or gender norming
61
Disparate impact
employment practice that disadvantages people from a protected group
62
Consequences of typological scoring in personality tests
assumes bimodal rather than normal distributions; unreliable due to cutoff scores; assumes between-category differences but not within-category
63
3 levels of analysis
population level, group differences within the population, and individual differences within groups

PSYC 305 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions