L11 Gross anatomy of skin and fascia

Question 1

what is skin?

Answer 1

-the largest organ in the body
-made up of superficial epithelium ( epidermis & dermis )

Question 2

Dermis

Answer 2

-the deep CT layer of skin
-contains nerve terminals, collagen & elastic fibers

Question 3

What do collagen fibers do?

Answer 3

Determines the tension and wrinkle lines in the skin

Question 4

What are tension lines?

Answer 4

Lines in the skin that run :
-longitudinally in limbs
-transversely in the neck and trunk

Question 5

What do elastic fibers do?

Answer 5

Fibers in the dermis that deteriorate with age, leading to wrinkles and sagging of the skin bcs it loses its elasticity

Question 6

What are arterioles involved in?

Answer 6

Involved in the loss or retention of body heat
-dilate to fill superficial capillary beds to radiate heat

Question 7

What is vascular supply?

Answer 7

Arteries supplying the dermis:
-derived from branches of arteries supplying skeletal muscle
-supply directly to the skin

Question 8

How do stretch marks form?

Answer 8

White marks formed in the dermis due to damage of collagen fiber from stretching, commonly seen in pregnancy ( striae gravidarum )

Question 9

What does surgical incision cause?

Answer 9

An incision made along tension lines causes minimum disruption of collagen so that the wound heals with a small scar

Question 10

What is tattooing?

Answer 10

A permanent coloration of the skin by depositing a foreign pigment into the dermis with a needle

Question 11

What are nails?

Answer 11

Plates of keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of the digits

Question 12

Functions of nails:

Answer 12

-protect distal ends of the digits
-provide support and enhance touch perception
-allow to grasp objects and scratch our body

Question 13

What are the severity of burns?

Answer 13

First degree burns
-only epidermis is damaged
-skin is red and swollen
Second degree burns
-epidermis & superficial dermis damaged
-skin is red with blisters
Third degree burns
-entire thickness of skin is damaged
-burn is gray white or black

Question 14

What is skin graft?

Answer 14

Transferring of tissue from one site to another, used when skin is damaged

Question 15

Methods of skin grafting:

Answer 15

Split thickness grafting: transfer epidermis only
Full thickness grafting: transfer both epidermis and dermis

Question 16

What is Rule of Nines?

Answer 16

• A way to determine the extent of burns
  -Body is divided into 11 areas
  -Each area representing 9% of total body surface area

Question 17

The _______ is found in the subcutis in most regions of the body

Answer 17

Superficial Fascia

Question 18

What does superficial fascia consist of?

Answer 18

• Loose areolar CT
  -Adipose

Question 19

Superficial fascia surrounds ____ , ____and ____

Answer 19

organs, glands, neurovascular bundles

Question 20

Functions of superficial fascia

Answer 20

-storage medium of fat and water
-passageway for lymph,nerve, blood vessels
-protective padding to cushion and insulate

Question 21

Pathogenic organisms can enter the tissue through _______,______ and ______

Answer 21

nail folds, hair follicles, sebaceous glands

Question 22

What is staphylococcus?

Answer 22

A type of bacteria that causes skin infections

Question 23

Boil is the infection of the _________ and _________

Answer 23

hair follicles, sebaceous glands

Question 24

Carbuncle is infection in the superficial fascia affecting _____________.

Answer 24

Single or group of hair follicles

Question 25

Pressure ulcers ( decubitus ulcers or bedsores ) are caused by __________________.

Answer 25

a constant deficiency of blood flow to tissues due to prolonged pressure.

Question 26

Who normally experiences pressure ulcers?

Answer 26

-Bedridden patients -Elderly or ill patients if not properly cared for

Question 27

What is deep fascia?

Answer 27

-dense, organized CT layer -devoid of fat -covers most of the body deep to the skin & subcutaneous tissue.

Question 28

Investing fascia invests in deeper structures such as _________ and __________

Answer 28

individual muscles, neurovascular bundles

Question 29

What is intermuscular septa?

Answer 29

Septa in the limbs to separate groups of muscles with similar nerve supply and actions into compartments.

Question 30

What does deep fascia form?

Answer 30

Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium Tendons in skeletal muscles Ligaments in the joints

Question 31

The deep fascia, contracting muscles and venous valves work together as a _____________ to return blood to the heart

Answer 31

Musculo-venous pump

Question 32

____________ is a localized thickening of deep fascia around joints, holding tendons in place and prevent bowstringing of tendons

Answer 32

Retinacula