l13

Question 1

lower motor neuron location

Answer 1

ventral horn of spinal cord
(can be in cranial nerve too)

Question 2

upper motor neuron

Answer 2

cortex, brainstem

Question 3

lower motor neuron somatic musculature

Answer 3

axial: trunk
proximal: shoulder elbow, pelvis, knee
distal: hand feet digits

Question 4

alpha lower motor neuron

Answer 4

force of contraction
small = fine dexterity
large = anti-gravity leg -> standing

Question 5

alpha lower motor neuron receive input from

Answer 5

UMN
spinal interneuron

Question 6

piezzo proprio muscle spindle func

Answer 6

detect stretch

Question 7

group 1a func

Answer 7

transmit feedback (eg length of muscle) to ventral horn

Question 8

gamma (lower) func

Answer 8

maintain tone in intrafusal when muscle relax

Question 9

brain descend lateral pathway responsible for

Answer 9

voluntary, esp distal, under cortical control

Question 10

brain descend ventromedial pathway responsible for

Answer 10

posture + locomotion, axial and proximal,

Question 11

rubrospinal where, receive input where

Answer 11

red nucleus
receive M1
flexors upper limb

Question 12

upper motor lesion

Answer 12

contralateral above medulla
ipsilateral below
Spastic paralysis
increase tone + reflex
fractionated movement
babinski

Question 13

lower motor neuron

Answer 13

IPSILATERAL
flacid
decrease tecto

Question 14

tectospinal tract

Answer 14

visual auditory
-> genereate motor to direct head eyes toward there

Question 15

pontine medulla reticulospinal tract

Answer 15

antigravity (medial_
lateral (medullary) allow movement + inhibit lower limbs

Question 16

vestibulospinal tract

Answer 16

medial tract: to cervical spinal cord - bilateral - head eyes stable - oculomotor control
lateral: to lumbar, ipsilateral balance leg

Question 17

spinocerebellum

Answer 17

motor control via somatopic mapping??

Question 18

Connections of M1

Answer 18

• to brainstem, controlling ventromedial pathways.
• spinal cord.
• Thalamus (relaying cerebellar input).

Question 19

Two Sources of Input to Betz Cells

Answer 19

• Cortical areas (area 6 and S1)
• Thalamus

Question 20

Betz cells is?

Answer 20

Pyramidal cells in cortical layer 5

Question 21

Secondary Motor Area – Area 6 pathway

Answer 21

• Lateral region → Premotor area (PMA)
  Medial region → Supplementary motor area (SMA)

Question 22

Secondary Motor Area – Area 6 receive input from

Answer 22

prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex

Question 23

differences between PMA and SMA

Answer 23

t innervate different groups of muscles.

Question 24

medial sma innervate what muscle

Answer 24

distal (directly)

Question 25

lateral pma innervate what muscle

Answer 25

proximal via reticulospinal

Question 26

Per Roland did what

Answer 26

voluntary/rehearsal of movemen

Question 27

Evarts did what

Answer 27

recorded activity in the SMA of awake, behaving animals, showing an increase in activity 1 second before movement of either hand.

Question 28

highest order posterior parietal cortex (area 5 + 7)

Answer 28

spatial perception

Question 29

highest order: prefrontal cortex

Answer 29

Abstract thought, decision-making, consequences of action.

Question 30

area 5 receive input from

Answer 30

3, 1, 2(S1)

Question 31

area 7 receive input from

Answer 31

higher-order visual cortical areas

Question 32

3 function division of cerebellum

Answer 32

Vestibulocerebellum Spinocerebellum Cerebrocerebellum

Question 33

3 lobes of cerebellum

Answer 33

anterior posterior floculonodular

Question 34

2/3 zone

Answer 34

lateral medial (vermis, intermediate)

Question 35

3/4 nuclei

Answer 35

dentate fastigital interpose (emboliform, globose)

Question 36

function cerebellum

Answer 36

* Independent, identical circuits repeated throughout. * Coordination * Motor timing * Smooth moves * Executive functions: verbal fluency, working memory, planning. Personality: focus, attention, impulsivity.

Question 37

Vestibulocerebellum where, function, pathway

Answer 37

- flocculonodular lobe - function: balance, oculomotor - somasen (neck), labyrinth, visual -> vestibular nuclei -> vestibular nuclei (brainstem)

Question 38

Spinocerebellum where, function, pathway

Answer 38

- Vermis and intermediate zones - motor control via somatotopic map - 2 + somasen (limb) -> spinocerebella, pontine nuclei -> ventralateral thalamus (to motor prefrontal, premotor, parietal) or red nucleus reticular nuclei (to interneuron in spinal cord, inferior olive, brainstem nuclei) + somasen(trunk) -> spinocerebella nuclei -> ventralateral thalamus (to motor prefrontal, premotor, parietal) OR vestibular nuclei (to motor and interneuron - spinal cord)

Question 39

cerebrocecebellum

Answer 39

* Lateral hemispheres -> pontine nuclei 1. ventralateral thalamus (to motor prefrontal, premotor, parietal) 2. to red nucleus reticular nuclei (to interneuron in spinal cord, inferior olive, brainstem nuclei)