L8

Question 1

dopamine major func

Answer 1

• hormone regulation
• reward
• emesis
• movement

Question 2

noradrenaline major func

Answer 2

• mood
• blood pressure regulation
• arousal/vigilance
• analgesia

Question 3

serotonin major func

Answer 3

• sleep/wakefulness
• mood
• feeding and sexual behaviourt
• temp and blood pressure regulation
• emesis
• Control of sensory transmission
• Nociception
• Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 4

acetylcholine major func

Answer 4

• sleep/wakefulness
• arousal/attention
• learning and memory
• motor control

Question 5

how transmitter operate in synapse

Answer 5

synthesis
storage (nt into vesiscle)
release (presynaptic hetero or autoreceptor)
action (binding)
reuptake (through transporter in presynaptic)
degradation (in presynaptic or surrounding cell) except ACh in synapse

Question 6

monoamine synthesis adrenaline

Answer 6

l tyrosine (amino acid)
-> dopamine
-> noradrenaline
-> adrenaline

Question 7

monoamine synthesis serotonin

Answer 7

l tryptophan (amino acid)

Question 8

synthesis ACh

Answer 8

from choline

Question 9

amino acid transmitter synthesis (neuronal + glia pathway

Answer 9

glucose -> acetyCoa -> Citric acid -> (GABA T) -> glutamate (glutamic acid decaboxylase)-> GABA

Question 10

neuronal pathway

Answer 10

glutamine (glutaminase) -> gaba

Question 11

binding and receptor activation at ligand gated channel

Answer 11

activate ligand gated channel
-> permit aion, cation through

Question 12

binding and receptor activation at g protein channel

Answer 12

activate g protein
-> activate second messengers
-> cause ion channel to open
-> causes change to ion channel and other cell signalling
-> increase movement of positive charge into cell
OR
-> liberation of positive charge inside cells

BY
- Involve closure of ion channel that conduct positive ion into the cell
- Open of channel that conduct positive charge out of the cell

Question 13

release (process) Ca

Answer 13

depolarise
ca2+ voltage open
ca2+ geting inside
ca2+ promote fusion of vesicle to membrane
exocytosis of nt from vesicle (out of presynapse)

Question 14

storage (process)

Answer 14

active transport into vesicle
store - prevent leakage to cytoplasm
often drive by h+ gradient (generated by atp dependent h+ pump)

Question 15

transporter vmat

Answer 15

monoamines (driven by h+)

Question 16

transporter vacht

Answer 16

acetycholine (driven by h+)

Question 17

transporter vgat

Answer 17

gaba (h+ and electrical gradient)

Question 18

transporter vglut

Answer 18

glutamine + iongarnic phosphat ion (driven by voltage gradient)

Question 19

reuptake (process) Na

Answer 19

active transport into neuron
via high affinity na+ membrane transporter protein

Question 20

monoamine degradation by

Answer 20

by monoamine oxidase mao

(bound to neuron and non neuronal cell michondria)

Question 21

mao a degrade what

Answer 21

NA, Adr, DA, 5HT

Question 22

mao b degrade what

Answer 22

DA

Question 23

amino acid degradation glutamate

Answer 23

by enzyme glutamine synthase

Question 24

amino acid degradation gaba

Answer 24

enzyme GABA transaminase (GABA-T)

Question 25

ACh degradation

Answer 25

Acetylcholinesterase break ACh to acetyle and choline

Question 26

vesicle types of glutamate, gaba, glycine, acetyle (aminoacid + quarternary)

Answer 26

small clear

Question 27

vesicle types of monoamine

Answer 27

intermediate dense vesicle

Question 28

vesicle types of neuropeptide

Answer 28

large densecore vesicle

Question 29

substrate

Answer 29

drug that is transported by transporter, mimic function of endogenous subtance

Question 30

inhibitor

Answer 30

drug bind to transporter, prevent substrate or endogenous subtance being transported

Question 31

modulator

Answer 31

bind into other site (allosteric side) of neuron, modulate activities of receptors (make agonist/subtance more likely to bind there or decrease/increase/strengthen the efficacy of things bind there)

Question 32

50 release glutamate as excitatory

Question 33

30 40 release gaba as inhibit

Question 34

g excitatory

Answer 34

d1 d5 alpha 1 beta 1 2 3 sero 2 4 5 6 7 mAChR 1 3 5 group 1 mGluR

Question 35

g inhibitory

Answer 35

d2 3 4 alpha 2 sero 1 mACh 2 4 gaba b group 2 3 mGluR

Question 36

ligand excitatory

Answer 36

sero 3 Nicotinic AChRs a4b2 or a7 amoa kainate nmda

Question 37

ligand inhibitory

Answer 37

gaba ac

Question 38

false substrate and inhibitor target enzyme

Answer 38

just like how it target transporter

Question 39

prodrug

Answer 39

catalysed by enzyme form an active product