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Medical Terminology > L2 CH3 PCT > Flashcards

L2 CH3 PCT Flashcards

Professions, conditions and treatments

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

chiropractor

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES

A

Doctor of
Chiropractic (DC) degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine

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2
Q

orthopedic surgeon

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES

A

orthopedist, is a physician who specializes
in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders
involving the bones, joints, and muscles

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3
Q

osteopath

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES

A

Doctor of
Osteopathy (DO) degree and uses traditional forms of
medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating
health problems by spinal manipulation

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4
Q

podiatrist

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES

A

Doctor of Podiatry
(DP) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree
and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders
of the foot

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5
Q

rheumatologist

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES

A

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia,
and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues

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6
Q

Ankylosis

Joints

A

loss or absence of
mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

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7
Q

Adhesive capsulitis

Joints

A

frozen shoulder, is painful ankylosis of the
shoulder

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8
Q

Arthrosclerosis

Joints

A

stiffness
of the joints, especially in the elderly

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9
Q

Baker’s cyst

Joints

A

popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac behind the knee. This usually results from a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid. The condition is named for British surgeon William Baker

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10
Q

Bursitis

Joints

A

inflammation of a bursa

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11
Q

Chondromalacia

Joints

A

abnormal softening of cartilage

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12
Q

Costochondritis

Joints

A

inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the
sternum

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13
Q

Hallux valgus

Joints

A

bunion, is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the
base of the great toe

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14
Q

Hemarthrosis

Joints

A

blood within a joint. This condition is frequently due to a joint injury. It also
can occur spontaneously in patients taking bloodthinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia

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15
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

Joints

A

inflammatory disorder of
the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs

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16
Q

sprain

Joints

A

when a ligament that connects bones
to a joint is wrenched or torn

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17
Q

Synovitis

Joints

A

inflammation of the
synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of
the affected joint. Can be
caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation produced by damaged cartilage

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18
Q

Dislocation

A

luxation is the total displacement of a bone from its joint

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19
Q

Subluxation

A

partial
displacement of a bone from its joint

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20
Q

Arthritis

A

an inflammatory condition
of one or more joints. There are more than 100 types of arthritis with many different causes

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21
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Arthritis

A

wear-and-tear arthritis, is most commonly associated
with aging

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22
Q

Spondylosis

Arthritis

A

spinal osteoarthritis. This degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

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23
Q

Gout

Arthritis

A

gouty arthritis, is a type of
arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning with the big toe. Joints
affected by gout are typically warm, red, and excruciatingly sensitive

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24
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Arthritis

A

chronic autoimmune disorder
in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

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25
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Arthritis

A

form of rheumatoid arthritis that
primarily causes inflammation of the joints between
the vertebrae

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26
Q

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

Arthritis

A

autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger,
with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue. Many children with JRA outgrow it

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27
Q

herniated disk

Spinal Column

A

slipped or ruptured disk, is the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

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28
Q

Lumbago

Spinal Column

A

low back
pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine

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29
Q

Spondylolisthesis

Spinal Column

A

the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum
below it

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30
Q

Spina bifida

Spinal Column

A

congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

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31
Q

Kyphosis

Spinal Column

A

abnormal increase in the
outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed
from the side

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32
Q

Lordosis

Spinal Column

A

abnormal increase in the
forward curvature of the lumbar spine

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33
Q

Scoliosis

Spinal Column

A

abnormal lateral
(sideways) curvature of the spine

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34
Q

Avascular necrosis

Bones

A

osteonecrosis, is an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow

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35
Q

Craniostenosis

Bones

A

malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

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36
Q

Osteitis

Bones

A

also spelled ostitis, is an
inflammation of a bone

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37
Q

Osteomalacia

Bones

A

adult rickets, is abnormal softening of
bones in adults

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38
Q

Osteomyelitis

Bones

A

inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent
bone

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39
Q

Paget’s disease

Bones

A

chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget. Characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation. The new bone is often structurally enlarged, misshapen and weak

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40
Q

Periostitis

Bones

A

inflammation of
the periosteum

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41
Q

Rickets

Bones

A

deficiency disease occurring in
children. characterized by defective
bone growth resulting from a lack of vitamin D necessary for the body to maintain calcium and phosphorus
levels in the bones

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42
Q

Short stature

Bones

A

dwarfism, condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to
the size of the head and trunk. More than 200 different conditions can cause short stature, which is an adult height of no more than 4 feet 10 in.

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43
Q

talipes

Bones

A

clubfoot, describes any congenital deformity of the
foot involving the talus

44
Q

Primary bone cancer

Bone Tumors

A

rare malignant
tumor that originates in a bone

45
Q

secondary bone cancer

Bone Tumors

A

tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs

46
Q

myeloma

Bone Tumors

A

cancer that
occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone
marrow

47
Q

osteochondroma

Bone Tumors

A

benign bony projection covered with cartilage

48
Q

Osteoporosis

Bones

A

marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that
is frequently associated with aging

49
Q

Osteopenia

Bones

A

Thinner than average bone density. Term is used to describe the condition of someone who doesn’t yet have osteoporosis, but has a greater-than-average chance of developing
it. Risk factors include aging, smoking,
drinking, and a lack of calcium in the diet. Young femaleswho do not consume enough calories may also develop the
condition

50
Q

compression fracture

Bones

A

vertebral crush fracture, occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself. These fractures are
sometimes caused by the spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or can be due to an injury. This results in pain, loss of height, and development of the
spinal curvature known as dowager’s hump

51
Q

Colles’ fracture

Bones

A

named for the Irish surgeon
Abraham Colles, is also known as a fractured wrist. Occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands. The impact of this fall causes the bone weakened by osteoporosis to break

52
Q

osteoporotic hip fracture

Bones

A

broken hip, is usually caused by
weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can
occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall

53
Q

closed fracture

Types of Fractures

A

simple fracture or
a complete fracture, is one in which the bone is broken,
but there is no open wound in the skin

54
Q

open fracture

Types of Fractures

A

compound fracture,
is one in which the bone is broken and there is
an open wound in the skin

55
Q

comminuted fracture

Types of Fractures

A

the bone is splintered or crushed

56
Q

greenstick fracture

Types of Fractures

A

incomplete fracture, is one
in which the bone is bent and only partially broken.
This type of fracture occurs primarily in children.

57
Q

oblique fracture

Types of Fractures

A

occurs at an angle across the
bone.

58
Q

pathologic fracture

Types of Fractures

A

occurs when a weakened bone
breaks under normal strain. This is due to bones being
weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process such as
cancer

59
Q

spiral fracture

Types of Fractures

A

the bone has
been twisted apart. This type of fracture occurs as the
result of a severe twisting motion such as in a sports
injury

60
Q

stress fracture

Types of Fractures

A

overuse injury, is a small
crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact.

61
Q

transverse fracture

Types of Fractures

A

occurs straight across the bone.

62
Q

radiograph

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

A

x-ray, is the use of
x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities

63
Q

Arthroscopy

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

A

visual examination
of the internal structure of a joint

64
Q

bone marrow biopsy

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

A

diagnostic test that may be
necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white
blood cells are found in a complete blood count test

65
Q

Bone marrow aspiration

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

A

use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow. This procedure
is used to obtain tissue for diagnostic purposes or to collect bone marrow for medical procedures such
as stem cell transplantation

66
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

A

used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex
joints. It is not the most effective method of imaging hard tissues such as bone.

67
Q

Bone density testing (BDT)

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

A

determine losses
or changes in bone density. These tests are used to diagnose
conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia,
osteopenia, and Paget’s disease

68
Q

Ultrasonic bone density testing

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

A

screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of
bone mass. In this procedure, sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone. If the
results indicate risks, more definitive testing is indicated.

69
Q

Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

A

low-exposure radiographic measurement
of the spine and hips to measure bone
density. This test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing.

70
Q

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

treat certain
types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas

71
Q

allogenic bone marrow transplant

Types of Bone Marrow Transplants

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

Uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling . There is the danger that the recipient’s body will reject the transplant.

72
Q

autologous bone marrow transplant

Types of Bone Marrow Transplants

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells, which
have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient’s body is
destroyed

73
Q

orthotic

Medical Devices

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

mechanical appliance,
such as a shoe insert, leg brace, or a splint, which is
specially designed to control, correct, or compensate
for impaired limb function.

74
Q

prosthesis

Medical Devices

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

substitute for a diseased
or missing body part, such as a leg that has been
amputated

75
Q

Arthrodesis

Joints

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder. Performed to treat severe arthritis or a damaged joint.

76
Q

Arthrolysis

Joints

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

surgical loosening
of an ankylosed joint

77
Q

Arthroscopic surgery

Joints

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint with the use of an arthroscope and
instruments inserted through small incisions

78
Q

Chondroplasty

Joints

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

surgical
repair of damaged cartilage

79
Q

synovectomy

Joints

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

Surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint. Can be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis.

80
Q

arthroplasty

Joint Replacements

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

Surgical repair of a damaged
joint. However, this term has come to mean the surgical
placement of an artificial joint.

81
Q

implant

Joint Replacements

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

prothesis for joint replacement

82
Q

total knee replacement (TKR)

Joint Replacements

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

total knee arthroplasty, all of
the parts of the knee were replaced.

83
Q

partial knee replacement (PKR)

Joint Replacements

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

procedure
in which only part of the knee is replaced

84
Q

total hip replacement (THR)

Joint Replacements

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

total hip arthroplasty, performed to restore a damaged hip to full function. A plastic lining is fitted into the acetabulum to restore a smooth surface. The head of the femur is removed and replaced with a metal ball attached to a metal shaft that is fitted into the femur.

85
Q

Hip resurfacing

Joint Replacements

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

alternative to removing the head
of the femur. Function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum.

86
Q

Revision surgery

Joint Replacements

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

replacement of a worn or
failed implant.

87
Q

percutaneous diskectomy

Spinal Column

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

treat a herniated
intervertebral disk. In this procedure, a thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with
a laser

88
Q

Percutaneous

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

performed through
the skin.

89
Q

Percutaneous vertebroplasty

Spinal Column

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

treat osteoporosis-related compression fracturesminimally invasive procedure, bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the
spinal column.

90
Q

laminectomy

Spinal Column

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a
vertebra

91
Q

Spinal fusion

Spinal Column

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

technique to immobilize part of the
spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae

92
Q

Fusion

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

Fusion to join together

93
Q

craniectomy

Bones

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

surgical
removal of a portion of the skull. Performed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain

94
Q

intracranial pressure

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

the
amount of pressure inside the skull.

95
Q

craniotomy

Bones

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

surgical incision or opening into the skull. performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure, or to obtain access for other surgical procedures

96
Q

cranioplasty

Bones

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

surgical
repair of the skull

97
Q

Osteoclasis

Bones

TREATMENT PROCEDURESBones

A

surgical fracture
of a bone to correct a deformity

98
Q

ostectomy

Bones

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

surgical
removal of bone

99
Q

Osteorrhaphy

Bones

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

surgical
suturing, or wiring together, of bones

100
Q

Osteotomy

Bones

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

surgical cutting
of a bone

101
Q

periosteotomy

Bones

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

incision through the periosteum to the bone

102
Q

Closed reduction

Treatment of Fractures

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

AKA manipulation, is the
attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation. The affected bone is returned
to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied force and then is usually immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing

103
Q

open reduction

Treatment of Fractures

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

When a closed reduction is not practical, a surgical procedure is required to
realign the bone parts

104
Q

Immobilization

Treatment of Fractures

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

stabilization, is the act
of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast.

105
Q

Traction

Treatment of Fractures

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal
direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment.

106
Q

External fixation

Treatment of Fractures

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing. When healing is complete, the appliance is removed

107
Q

Internal fixation

Treatment of Fractures

TREATMENT PROCEDURES

A

open reduction
internal fixation (ORIF), is a fracture treatment where a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone
to hold the broken pieces in place. This form of fixation is not usually removed after the fracture has healed

Medical Terminology (37 decks)

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