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Medical Terminology > L4 CH6 Vocab > Flashcards

L4 CH6 Vocab Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Villi

Absorption of Fats and Fat-Soluble

FUNCTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

small fingerlike projections in the small intestine that digest food. Each villus (singular) contains lacteals and blood vessels.

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2
Q

Lacteals

Absorption of Fats and Fat-Soluble

FUNCTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream. These dietary
fats are transformed in the cells of the lacteals.

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid

Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Creation

FUNCTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

also known as intercellular or tissue fluid, is plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues.

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4
Q

Lymph

Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Creation

FUNCTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid. Lymph is a clear, watery
fluid containing electrolytes and proteins. It plays essential roles in the lymphatic system as it works in close cooperation with the immune system.

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5
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic Capillaries

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near the surface of the body with
capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness. These cells separate briefly to allow the lymph to enter the capillary. Then the action of the cells as they close forces the lymph to flow upward and forward

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5
Q

lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic Vessels and Ducts

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

located deeper within the tissues. Like veins, lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph.

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5
Q

right lymphatic duct

Lymphatic Vessels and Ducts

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm. The right lymphatic duct
empties into the right subclavian vein.

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6
Q

thoracic duct

Lymphatic Vessels and Ducts

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left
arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs. The thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein.

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6
Q

lymph node

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens. Unfiltered
lymph flows into the nodes, and here the lymphocytes destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells.

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7
Q

Cervical lymph nodes

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

located along
the sides of the neck

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8
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

located
under the arms in the area known as the armpits

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9
Q

Inguinal lymph nodes

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

located in
the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen

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10
Q

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

lymphoid cells, are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells

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11
Q

antigen

Lymphocytes

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

any substance that the body regards as being foreign. This includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues. There are three types of lymphocytes: natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells.

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12
Q

Differentiation

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

to be
modified to perform a specific function.

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13
Q

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Lymphocytes

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses.

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14
Q

B cells

B Cells

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

B lymphocytes, are specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies. Each lymphocyte makes a specific antibody that is capable of destroying a specific antigen.

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15
Q

Plasma cells

B Cells

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

develop from B cells and secrete a large
volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific
antigens.

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16
Q

T cells

T Cells

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

T lymphocytes, originate in the thymus. These
lymphocytes play a central role in cell-mediated
immunity.

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17
Q

Cytokines

T Cells

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells. These cells act as intracellular signals to
begin the immune response.

18
Q

Interferons (IFNs)

T Cells

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. Interferons activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

19
Q

Interleukins

T Cells

STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate.

20
Q

lymphoid

ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue.

21
Q

tonsils

Tonsils

ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat. Prevents pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth.

22
Q

adenoids

Tonsils

ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

nasopharyngeal tonsils, are located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx

23
Q

palatine tonsils

Tonsils

ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth.

24
Q

lingual tonsils

Tonsils

ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

located at the base
of the tongue; however, they are not readily visible.

25
Q

thymus

Thymus Gland

ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart. As part of the endocrine system, the thymus secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

26
Q

vermiform appendix

The Vermiform Appendix

ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first section of the large intestine. May play an important role in
the immune system.

27
Q

spleen

The Spleen

ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located
in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the
stomach. filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood. Forms lymphocytes and monocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) with
important roles in the immune system. Destroys worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse. Stores extra erythrocytes and maintains the appropriate balance between
these cells and the plasma of the blood.

28
Q

Pathogens

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

disease-producing
microorganisms.

29
Q

Allergens

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

substances that produce allergic
reactions.

30
Q

Toxins

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

poisonous or harmful substances.

31
Q

Malignant cells

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

potentially life-threatening
cancer cells.

32
Q

Intact skin

Immune System’s First Line of Defense

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

wraps the body in a physical barrier to
prevent invading organisms from entering the body. Skin is also covered with an acid mantle that makes it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria.

33
Q

respiratory system

Immune System’s First Line
of Defense

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

traps breathed-in foreign matter
with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system. The tonsils form a protective ring around the entrance to the throat. If foreign matter gets past these barriers, coughing and sneezing help expel it from the respiratory system.

34
Q

digestive system

Immune System’s First Line
of Defense

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food.

35
Q

lymphatic system

Immune System’s First Line
of Defense

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

with specialized leukocytes work together in
specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body.

36
Q

antigen–antibody reaction

Antigen–Antibody Reaction

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system.

37
Q

antibody

Antigen–Antibody Reaction

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

also called immunoglobulin, disease-fighting
protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen. Five primary types

38
Q

Phagocytes

Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Phagocytes

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

specialized leukocytes that
act as part of the antigen–antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens. Phagocytes include monocytes,macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells.

39
Q

Monocytes

Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Phagocytes

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

leukocytes that provide immunological
defenses against many infectious organisms. Monocytes replenish macrophages and dendritic cells.

40
Q

macrophage

Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Phagocytes

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells. Macrophages also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells. Deriverom monocytes after they leave the
bloodstream and enter into the tissue.

41
Q

Dendritic cells

Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Phagocytes

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections. When such a cell is found, the dendritic cell grabs it, swallows it, and alerts B and T cells to act against this specific antigen.

42
Q

complement system

Antigen–Antibody Reaction, The Complement System

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them
to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells.

43
Q

Immunity

Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Immunity

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

state of being resistant to a specific
disease. This resistance can be present naturally, or it can be acquired.

44
Q

Natural immunity

Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Immunity

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

passive immunity, present at birth, and can be augmented when breast milk passes from a nursing mother to her baby.

45
Q

Acquired immunity

Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Immunity

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

obtained by having had a contagious
disease. Being vaccinated against a contagious
disease provides protection against that disease, without having been exposed to
the risk of actually having the disease.

46
Q

vaccine

Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Immunity

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

preparation containing an antigen,
consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened.

Medical Terminology (37 decks)

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