L3 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Recap c’mon. Which things relate to technical rationality and which things to communicative rationality? Keep the figure with you on slide 6
TR:
Object oriented
observation (facts)
Realism
Certainty
Factual reality
Facts
CR:
Inter-subjective
interaction (opinions)
Relativism
Uncertainty
Agreed reality
Values
Explain the S - O - IS model concretely
S = subject
O = Object observed by subject
IS - Intersubjective interaction with subject
–> Understanding gets input from your observation and meanings of others. We need to talk to each other.
Place the correct planning intervention methods on the scheme:
A
B
C
D
A = Command and control planning
B = Scenario planning
C = Collaborative planning
D = Actor consulting
What is rationality?
far more protocolal behaviour. Logic and orderening principles and behaviour come together and have to meet. Intelligence and rationality is different. Rationality we decide together. Humans decided what is ‘rational’. More than just technical. It explains how to behave under given circumstances.
It implies conrformoity of one’s actions with one’s reasons for action. Logical reasoning about what is perceived and experienced, individually and collectively. Provides a reality perspective with a logic to act. Is referential, because it refers to a logical mode for a particular behaviour given the circumstances.
What kind of understanding of reality does rationality present?
A reasoned understanding of reality: factual and agreed.
Explain how planning has evolved over the years.
- 50s technical rational planning:
o Ideas from physics
o System thinking
o Certainty - Crisis
- Planning issues did not work out
- Bounded rationality is one
- Contingency and scenario planning processes
- Critical theory and pragmatism: reflect on what we do become realistic
- Advocacy planning = citizens standing up themselves and coming up with their own proposals
- 2nd crisis
- Communicative rationale approach inter subjectivity. Answer to second crisis.
- Where do we stand right now?
o Post-political: citizens step away from government and do their own thing
o Adaptive planning: L9+10. Non linearity
What did Max Weber contribute to rational acting
Rational acting was important to him: four rationales:
* Zweckrational = goal rationality – values away
* Wertrational = value rationality
–> Relates to communicative rationality
Explain Karl Mannheim’s philosophy about rationality
We can’t expect people to behave just rational. Some people have to behave rational in specirfic situations: army, bureaucrats for example. Rationality behaviour takes away values and behaviour. Has ethical consequences.
* Ethical is 0 in technical rational environment
How does rationality relate to proposals by Immanuel Kant? Use causality, entity and stability.
- Causality: A to B no causality. It’s what our brain tells us what to see.
- Entity: A is not not-A. can the bottle be something else. According to law of Aristotle not.
- Stability: Stable context
Technical rationality reflects a factual and modernist world: Neo or logical positivsm.
What is causality about?
causes, effects. It’s about action - reaction. Iterations/feedback.
What is the entity about?
- Something that exists by itself
- It, a sense of being
- Fact
- Material existence and more…
- Object, object orientation, objectivity
- Substance versus metaphore
- Ontology: the study of ‘being’
Explain the different forms of the context: stable: placid randomized, placid clustered, disturbed reactive environment, turbulent fields
- Placid, randomized environment (stable) - there but does not impact
- Placid clustered environment - clearly defined impacts, stable
- Disturbed reactive environment - somethings happens in the environment. We have no influence on it
- Turbulent fields (unstable): highly unstable. It hits you. can’t predict anything and we could not see it coming.
With TR the Causality = …
The entity = …
The context = …
Direct
Clear
Stable
What characterizxes primitive optimism?
- Strong functionalism
- Strong belief in one’s own positibilies
- Technical orientation
- Blue-print planning
- Neutralizing planning problems
- Means to a predefined end (means-end)
Consequences of the function-rational method:
› Goal oriented
› Top down type of policy (central)
› The issues (ends)
› The instruments (means)
› ‘Scientific’ approach
Explain the rational planning model from 1955.
- Decision-maker considers all alternatives open to him
- He identifies and evaluates all consequences
- He selects the alternative which is preferable in terms of its most valued ends
If TR and planning are matched. What do you get?
› Spatial: local land use plan
› Grey environment: environmental standard
› Water: health standards
› Traffic: spead limits, traffic rules
› Housing: building ordenance
› Green environment: area related standards, hunting rules
Explain external safety in relation to TR and its pitfalls in that sense.
TR System with strict legislation kind of argues that the risk is 0. We can’t be fully certain of that. Things happen, there can always happen things that do lead to a risk.
Explain the ‘Functioanl-rational’ planner.
- Expert
- Technician
- Setting up and implementing plans
- Operational orientation
- Focus on detail
- Object: physical environment
Name some characteristics of Planning.
Dictating: blue print
*
Evaluation not necessary
*
Operational
*
Major certainties
*
Action oriented
*
‘Paternalism’ is strongly present
*
Standards & objectives
*
Coordinative
*
Exclusive
*
Clear who is initiating
*
1 : 1 Financial coverage
*
Clearly defined ends (current problem or desired outcome)
*
Focus of plan is obvious
*
Feedback considered not necessary
*
Explicite linking means – ends
*
Permit testing
*
Rigid stages - phasing
