L9 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Why is time not considered in planning?
Because with TR: we assume decision we make to a predefined end will happen. It will happen as we decided. Time = no issue.
CR: uncertainty. Most important thing to reach = consensus. Collective decision among partners. If we would add uncertainty of developments in time we would never reach the consensus.
* In scenario’s we use time to extrapolate the past into the future. We assume developments will be linear towards the future.
What are the differences between the rational actor and authentic behaviour?
Rational actor relates to TR. Everything focused on calculations absolute truths. One can never be fully rational so there are also values and moral things that need to be done. This is authentic behaviour.
Explain how the model of authonomous vs authentic behaviour works.
Authonomous is more about reasoned response (Slow, system 2 responses):
* intentional: self interest vs empathy
* Purposeful: functional vs well being
* performing: capacity vs capability.
Left = authonomous, right as well, but it leans more towards authentic behaviour.
Authentic behaviour relates to system 1 of the brain. This is the intuitive, fast response:
* identity: assured - sensitive
* Expecting: definite end vs trust
* COnforming: predefined goal vs accommodating
What is self organisation?
individuals do their own thing. Own thing they fastly decide. - Bike example.
We see a shift from Government related things to self governance. What does this mean and what does it look like?
The authorities take less responsibility and have less knowledge. Collective has specific desires and makes them clear. It’s a clash about principles between collective and authorities. The government hands over responsibility and people team up to do things together.
With TR we have the planner as an expert. With CR it is a mediator. What role does a planner take with self governance?
Self governance: social entrepreneur. Taking groups along. Advising them. New group of people
Explain our model but related to Authonomous and Authentic behaviour.
We have the fast intuitive part of our brain (system 1) that relates to authentic behaviour. Reasoned response (system 2) relates to slower part of the brain. This relates to authonomous behaviour.
Explain the multi-level time model
the spectrum is stable, but in between a lot is going on. Multiple transitions happen. There is a process of self similarity. At each level we have the same patterns emerging again. The same transition processes.
Cities always build up to something new. Also after the bombing of Rotterdam it was built up again.
Explain the second order transition graph.
Each period, there is a time of stability and then a jump to transition again. Here things change and turn into a ‘new stability’. So: Stable - transition - stable - transition.
Explain the model of the development of settlements ( slide 22)
Focuses on Axiomatic (trusted and established things) behaviour and capacity building. the capacity building side is focused on the collective and the axiomatic side is focused on resources.
Explain the model on slide 25.
Generic behaviour (certainty) vs Situational behaviour (uncertainty) on a spectrum. Generic is object oriented and is about:
* process
* content
* context
as well as performance and course
Situational is more inter subjective and is about perspectives, consensus, narratives as well as conformance and discourse.
Explain the three classes of system theory
- Closed systems: technical rationale (class 1)
- Circular feedback systems:
- developing statioc groups or patterns
- oscillation between fixed states
scenarios (class 2) - Open network: communicative rationale (class 3)
o Chaotic
o No predictable patterns or stability.
What is the fourth class about?
Complex adaptive systems (CAS): capable of transforming while remaining robust. Cities are this. ‘Class IV behaviour enables entities in the system to maximise the benefits of stability while retaining a capacity to change’
What form of planning do the four perspectives on planning relate to?
- I: (Bounded) rationality Functional planning
- II: Possible futuresb Scenario planning
- III: Discourse & story telling Communicative planning
- IV: Wicked problems Adaptive planning
What is the difference between a tame and wicked problem?
Tame problem \
* Well defined stable domain
* Definite stopping point
* Has a solution we can objectively evaluated as being right or wrong
* Belong to class of similar problems which can be solved in a similar manner
* Has solutions that can be tried, accepted or leaved how they are
Wicked problems:
* No definite formulation
* No stopping rule
* No immediate key to solution
* Essentially unique
* Considered to be symptom of another wicked problem
* Causes of wicked problems can be explained in multiple ways
* Choice of explanation determines nature of solution to the problem.
What is complexity theory?
Complexity is about a world in flow, with change and transformation beyond humans’ control. While there is not one agreed definition of ‘complexity’, most, if not all definitions, share an understanding of spontaneous, transformative and irreversible change that is represented by dynamic patterning in an environment that is continuously out of balance.
Complexity theory (Byrne, 1998): the degree of complexity is seen as a measure for
uncertainty, which consequently adds to the difficulty of predicting outcomes of actions and
interactions → nothing in the world is fully and permanently stable, and as such uncertainty
is almost always around
It is a variable with a given range and relates to formal discussions on a more abstract level. Also relates to multiple scientific disciplines.
Explain how class IV systems kind of overarch the other three system classes.
Class IV brings in time, while the other three classes don’t include time. They all approach things in a stable, static context. Including time thus also influences the other classes of systems. Complex adaptive systems therefore overarch the rest.
Explain transitions
Transitions happen when structure and function both go through a change. There is a jump between two stable levels. While in transition we don’t know how the next thing will look like (e.g. energy transition).
Explain the push and pull transition scheme
You detacvh from the old weaker context. This is pushed away - transition happens - new stronger fitter context pulls the new elements towards the new regime.
Tell the phases of the transition model.
1: period of stability
2: period of detachment
3: gaining critical mass
4: beyond ‘point of no return’
5: stabilizing
6: embedded in new context
What is the tipping point?
point of no return. At what point are we actually continuing?
