L6 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Explain contingency theory
When structure and function change together, they are contingent to each other. The world changes due to it. Structure and function change differently along the spectrum though.
With most things you assume linear progression. With conteigency there is not a connection between an organisational structure and its success as if they were both numbers. * Success proved to be related in which a structure and the management pattern fits specifically with organisation, production process’
* Routine top town management is enough. Self regulation teams: something specific is needed decentral bottom up
* Top down is not exponential proportion of decentral/bottom up –> transformation completely changes into something else
What is integral planning?
integrated approach, focused on a specific situation. There is a lot of talking to do, but planners still focus on the object-oriented part. You have to talk with policy sectors and stakeholders to various issues. You have to interact continuously.
- Decentralized. Bottom up
- Accelerates and priority. These issues are problematic. You have to interfere fast
- Integrated managerial governance: project office that links immediately to different offices.
- Stakeholders are powerful: possibility to obstruct direct involvement of stakeholders
o Early commitment - Impact area beyond administrative borders
- Promise to be supportive to be more than one objective. Solving various objectives at the same time
o Requires a lot of talking
What are somewhat the dilemmas with contingency theory?
- Differentiation from simple to highly complex ‘what if, then’. Which approach what are consequences of that.
- From routine to integrated and specific
- General to specific
Explain how contingency theory relates to differentiation?
Contingency theory allows us to differentiate. Instead of one true world we have many worlds of many actors.
Explain the spectrum of differentiation/planning approaches?
Within management styles of planning approaches we have three classes:
1. SImple, closed, facts, blueprint planning
2. Complex. Feedback, scenarios
3. Highly complex. Open, values, network planning. - Facts do not tell us much. We have to listen to each others’ opinions.
can we truly see things as fully objective?
No, you can’t not allow the subjective side. Our past told us that we must explore things in a value free way. This lead to us being critical: reflect on theories, suggestions that have been made.
Explain how with TR things are ‘Value free’ and shift to ‘critical’ with CR.
With TR you’re not gonna sllow the subjective side. things should be fully objective, but that’s impossible. We became critical and started to reflect on theories and that maybe values are important. That’s where we got CR.
Difference between traditional theory and critical theory?
Traditional theory: understanding and explaining
Seeking an objective truth, ignoring power, interdependencies, values and meanings
As if facts are neutral…
Values matter as well!
Critical theory: critiquing and changing society
Highly normative (how it ought to be…)
A one sided focus on capital
No solutions are being offered
Sum up examples of critical theory by Marx, Adorno and Marcouse.
Marx: forces of capitalism result in interdependencies of power due to the ruling
Adorno: closed system is assumed where’s the context. He has a critique against closed systems and materialism.
Marcouse: cultural solidarity which leads to social control and repression so capitalistic in our world we don’t even see it no more. we have to bring in values. Have to look at it qualitatively.
Explain David Harveys rationale
Cities are money-driven rational landscapes:
* Shortage of capital and a surplus of labor is bringing us in trouble.
* Right to be yourself and change yourself and change the city by ourselves. You have to do it together quite often.
* Allmendinger: p87/88. If we look at capital / accumulation: affects city in space and time. Factories/houses near places of profit. Profit is related to time. Labour goods take time. Laborers going to work places swiftly. Functional and capitalistic reality.
Explain Henri Lefebvre’s Right to the City
Every generation builds its own city. You have all these strict rules, but it’s also the city of people without incomes or jobs.
Relate spatial planning to Capitalism and Harveys rationale.
Cities are not objects, they are reflections of capitalism. This is unstable and prone to crises. Because of this it is also important to question for what do we plan spatially in the first place? public interest? Functionality? Capital?
What is intersubjective reasoning?
Making sense of what you see. We have to reconstruct the idea that we are humans, are subjects and have our way of understanding reality. We have to continously interact and interpret. In particular with the other. Agreements in that way come together in social structures.
Name the three elements of CR
Plural perspective: because we have multiple ‘truths’ and actors
Explicite: consensus. We want to reach consensus by talking to each other
Meaning: storytelling. We want to tell a coherent story by giving meaning to all the opinions/’truths’ we have collected.
Differences between command and control to shared governance.
From constraining to enabling / developing
From centralized to decentralized
From direct regulation to self-regulation
From functional conditions to qualitative arrangements
From procedural policy to area oriented approaches
From national legislation to local plans
*
From representative to direct democracy
What is Paul Davidoff’s advocacy planning?
Planning should be open to values. Groups can be contructing counter-values. There is always a competition of ideas. ALso, the public has to be better informed about choices. It’s also about being critical.
Discuss Jurgen Harbermas’ influence on planning.
In 80x90s we had this one particular view about observations: we must understand what we see. We came to see that this was not enough. This was only an individualized view of reasoning. Why don’t you include intersubjective communication. This meant including values of people as well.
He was very relevant in planning because of this.
Explain the Habermasian rationale of undistorted communication.
Has to do with language. What is said has to be taken seriously and is intelligible.
There is meaning
Propositional context of what is said is true
Speaker is justified in saying the certain social rights or norms that are involved in the use of language. Speaker is sincere in what is said and it not trying to deceive the listener.
Name characteristics of CR.
- Sharing of values
- Inter-subjective interaction
- A way of dealing with uncertainties
Collective understanding
Consensus
Agreed reality - Balancing stakeholder positions
- More or less equally and mutually dependent
- Human limitations not seen as a failure
Name characteristics of the collaborative approach
Collaborative approach
* Emphasis on process
* Bottom up
* Goals are not given a priori
* Shared responsibility
* Custom made
* Authorities are participating / facilitating
* Consultation/participation
* Negotiation and argumentation
* Planner as a mediator.
* connecting people. Assure information is on the table and is shared with all after that we know things about the procedures.
What is the discursive approach?
It’s about value packed in language. About common understandings. Dicourse: bundling of various meanings that overlap with each other and become stronger. They can put facts aside when they’re strong.
Communicative rationality and the plan. What is the product of this in a plan?
› Structuring thoughts of various actors
› Stimulating & motivating
› Triggering discussion
› Rounds of consultation
› Not meant to set strict goals
› Agreements made: Action plan and/or covenant
What things relate to Simple, complex and highly complex situations. Choose from the following concepts/terms:
closed, open, fuzzy entity, clear entity, mediator, expert, network planning, blueprint planning, scenario planning, circular, focus on the whole.
Simple: closed, clear entity, exerpt, blueprint planning
complex: scneraio planning, circular and focus on the whole
Highly complex: Fuzzy entity, open, network planning
