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Immunology > L3 Inflammation > Flashcards

L3 Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

acute inflammation

A 
hours to weeks
rapid onset
neutrophil driven
prominent vascular response 
innate immunity 
immediate reaction to tissue injury
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2
Q

chronic inflammation

A 
persistent reaction to tissue injury
slow response
less prominent vascular response 
duration weeks to years
cell-mediated immunity 
mononuclear cell predominance (lymphocytes, plasma cells, and monocytes)
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3
Q

acute inflammation causes

A

microbial infection, tissue necrosis, physical agents, chemical irritants, immune mediated hypersensitivity

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4
Q

chronic inflammation cuases

A

foreign body, autoimmune disorders, persistent tissue injury and acute inflammation, primary granulomatous disease, and microorganisms resistant to phagocytosis or intracellular killing (mycobacteria, viruses, fungi and some parasites)

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5
Q

inflammation is usually beneficial but it can definitely cause morbidity and mortality example being

A

fatal acute pneumonia

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6
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
rudor - redness 
tumor - swelling 
dolor - pain 
calor - heat
functio laesa - loss of function
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7
Q

vasoactive mediators of edema can be _________ and _______ derived and work to increase membrane permeability and increase vasodilation

A

cell or plasma

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8
Q

cell derived vasoactice mediators

A
  1. mast cells- histamine
  2. platelet cells - serotonin
  3. epithelium - nitric oxide, prostaglandins, platelet activating factor
  4. inflammatory cells- prostaglandins, platelet activating factor, and leukotrienes
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9
Q

plasma derived vasoactive mediators

A
  1. hageman factor activation- 1. kallikrein kinin system (KK cells) - kinin (bradykinin) 2. clotting/fibrinolytic system- fibrin split products
  2. complement system activation
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10
Q

inflammatory mediators

A

vasoactive mediators (leading to edema) and chemotactic factors (leading to acute and or chronic inflammation)

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11
Q

mechanisms of phagocytosis and cell killing

A
  1. C3b receptor and Fc receptor attach to antigens on bacteria
  2. respiratory burst
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12
Q

oxidative burst- order of events

1.

A
  1. molecular oxygen reduced by NADPH oxidase produces superoxide anion (o2) enzyme NADPHA oxidase
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13
Q

oxidative burst- order of events

2.

A
  1. generation of hydrogen peroxide enzyme superoxiide dismutase
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14
Q

oxidative burst- order of events

3.

A
  1. hydroxyl radical (OH) attacks DNA
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15
Q

oxidative burst- order of events

4.

A
  1. hypochlorous acid (HOCL) has many toxic effects

enzyme myeloperoxidase

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16
Q

chronic granulomatous disease

A

inherited disorder of phagocytic cells, results from an inability of phagocytes to produce bactericidal superoxide anions because lack NADPH oxidase, cannot break down bacteria because cannot form needed h2o2 and superoxide

17
Q

aphagocytic cells are unable/able to kill catalase positive microorganisms because they can/cannot break down hydrogen peroxide

A

unable; can

18
Q

catalase negative microorganisms can/cannot be killed in people with chronic granulomatous disease

A

can because they produce H2O2

19
Q

migration out of vessels

A

macrophages send chemokines to inflame the blood vessel near the region of infection causing inflammatory cells to leave the blood vessel

20
Q

fibrinous exudate

A

full of fibrin and edema fluid

21
Q

fibrosis

A

end product of inflammation, scar tissue has not healed properly, fibroblast have laid down collagen

22
Q

granulation tissue

A

end product of inflammation where the developing wound healing and repair, rebuilding new capillaries

23
Q

granulomatous inflammation

A

specialized form of chronic inflammation where your body cannot get rid of the infection/organism/substance so forms a dense accumulation mononuclear phagocytes surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes

24
Q 
What is not considered a purpose or role of inflammation? 
generate inflammatory mediators
localize/eliminate pathogenic insult
promote local tissue damage
repair injured tissue compartment
restore normal physiology
A

promote local tissue damage

25
Q

When compared to monocytes/macrophages, which is the most appropriate statement to describe neutrophils?
are longer lived
controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis
communicates with T-cells
antigen-presenting cell with MHC class II receptors
first to extravascular space in response to infection

A

first to extravascular space in response to infection

26
Q

In oxygen-dependent killing of neutrophils, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, are generated by which enzymes for the respiratory burst?
catalase and lysozyme
glutathione peroxidase and sulfhydryl oxidase
lactoferrin and gelatinase
myeloperoxidase and flavin reductase
NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase

A

NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase

27
Q

Q1. Which of the following cytokines are most likely involved in the early stages of acute inflammation?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6
Interferon beta & gamma
Terminal complement proteins
Cytokines are only involved in chronic inflammation

A

IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6

28
Q 
Q2. The physician seeing the child is concerned of a developing abscess. If an aspirate (with a needle and syringe) is obtained from the area of swelling, the inflammatory cells likely to be present in greatest numbers are: 
Mononuclear cells
Dendritic cells
B (Antibody producing) Cell
Basophils
Neutrophils
A

Neutrophils

29
Q

Q3. Signs that this process was progressing to chronic inflammation would be:
Decrease in collagen (extracellular matrix)
Increase in arteriolar dilation
Increase in monocytes
Increase in histamine
This process can not progress to chronic inflammation

A

Increase in monocytes

30
Q

Q5. CJ who has Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is not at increased risk of serious infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (in contrast to Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus, and select other organisms). Why?
S. pneumoniae is a catalase-negative organism which can produce hydrogen peroxide
Streptococci are not affected by oxygen radicals
The structure of the thin cell wall and outer membrane make it more susceptible to lysis
S. pneumoniae is a catalase-positive organism which can destroy oxygen radicals
Antibody produced from immunization counteract the cytochrome defect

A

S. pneumoniae is a catalase-negative organism which can produce hydrogen peroxide

Immunology (14 decks)

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