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Immunology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

immune system

A

network of organs, tissues, cells, and molecules designed to identify and protect the body from infectious disease

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2
Q

organs and tissues are connected by both _____ and ______

A

blood and lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

Two groups of the immune system

A
  1. primary 2. secondary
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4
Q

primary

A

central or regenerative, developing cells, contain developing lymphocytes, bone marrow and thymus

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5
Q

secondary

A

peripheral, contain more mature cells, spleen, lymph nodes, MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)

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6
Q

bone marrow

A

-site of hematopoiesis (the development of all blood cells from progenitor stem cells) - site of B cell maturation - as persons age, most hematopoiesis in flat bones

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7
Q

thymus

A

-bi-lobed organ in upper anterior thorax - each lobe surrounded by capsule, divided into multiple lobules - rich vascular - undergoes physiologic involution with aging - major site of maturation and selection of T-cells

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8
Q

sail sign

A

radiograph of thymus on chest in infant

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9
Q

spleen

A

large, vascular organ in left upper quadrant of the abdomen . under the diaphragm - has two sections (white and red pulp) - major site of immune responses to pathogens and other foreign substances in the blood

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10
Q

white pulp

A

contains lymphocytes (T-cells near arterioles in the periarteriolar sheath; B cells are more peripheral

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11
Q

red pulp

A

involved with red blood cell breakdown

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12
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • small nodular aggregates of lymphoid tissue (500-600 in human body) - located along lymphatic channels vessels - often the first organized lymphoid structure to encounter foreign antigens
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13
Q

lymph node structure

A
  • outer fibrous capsules - multiple afferent (going in ) lymphatic vessels and one efferent (going out) lymphatic vessel - three concentric regions (the cortex, paracortex, and medulla
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14
Q

cortex of lymph node contains

A

cell aggregates called follicles which may contain germinal centers

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15
Q

fluid draining from the lymph node is enriched with

A

antibodies and lymphocytes

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16
Q

cervical lymph nodes

A

location: head and neck site of drainage- scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx

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17
Q

axillary lymph nodes

A

location: axilla site of drainage- arm, chest wall, and breast

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18
Q

inguinal lymph nodes

A

location- groin site of drainage- genitalia, buttock, anus, abdominal wall, leg

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19
Q

mediastinal lymph nodes

A

location- in/near mediastinum, central posterior thorax site of drainage- mid-chest, upper abdomen, lungs

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20
Q

mesenteric lymph nodes

A

location- lower abdomen, near intestine site of drainage- small and large intestine upper rectum

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21
Q

MALT

A

mucosal associated lymphoid tissue, aggregates of lymphocytes found throughout mucosal surfaces in body; rich in antibodies

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22
Q

peyers patch

A

small masses of lymphatic tissue

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23
Q

lymphatic system

A

white blood cells and plasma (no erythrocytes and not circular system like vascular system) - transports immune cells to and through the nodes and back into circulation - collects/drains excess fluid from the surrounding tissues to return it to the vascular system - absorbs fat from the villi of the small intestine

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24
Q

Flow of lymphatic fluid is conducted by

A
  1. skeletal muscle contraction 2. smooth muscle contractions 3. unidirectional valves 4. arterial pulsation NO “PUMP” (like in the heart for the vascular system)
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25
Q

T/F lymph fluid flows through multiple lymph nodes before draining back into blood circulation

A

true

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26
Q

lymphatic drainage is initiated by

A

interstitial fluid uptake

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27
Q

lymph from the upper right side of the body drains to the _________ which empties into the _________

A

right lymphatic duct; right subclavian vein

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28
Q

lymph from the rest of the body drains to the _______ which empties into the _________

A

thoracic duct; left subclavian vein

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29
Q

T/F contents of lymph fluid changes as progresses closer to circulation

A

true increased immune cells and antibodies as it exits through efferent vessel

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30
Q

lymphedema

A

interstitial collection of lymph due to disruption of lymphatic flow - usually progressive and can lead to hypertrophy or fibrosis - swelling, skin changes, pain, restricted range of motion, and non-pitting edema

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31
Q

complications of lymphedema

A

skin infections, malignancy, reduced quality of life including aspects of emotional physical and social well being

32
Q

Two types of lymphedema

A

primary and secondary

33
Q

primary lymphedema

A

due to genetic disorder can present at any age

34
Q

secondary lymphedema

A

due to underlying disease or is a consequence of prior treatment - in US due to malignancy or cancer therapy (most common in breast cancer patients)

35
Q

filariasis

A

most common cause of secondary lymphedema worldwide - due to infection by nematode - transmitted via mosquitoes (worms reside in lymphatic vessels and nodes in legs and in scrotum)

36
Q

diagnosis of filariasis

A

blood smear (blood draw at night when the organisms are in the peripheral blood)

37
Q

treatment of filariasis

A

diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

38
Q

lymphagitis

A

inflammation fo lymph vessels most common pathogen is streptococcus pyogenes

39
Q

chylothorax

A

term used for accumulation of lymph in the thorax - often caused by accidentally severing the thoracic duct during surgery

40
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

enlargement (less than 1 cm) of one or more lymph nodes

41
Q

lymphadenitis

A

lymphadenopathy with pain and or signs of inflammation

42
Q

lymphoma

A

type of cancer / malignancy of varied cells of the immune system

43
Q

two components of adaptive immunity

A

cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated (humoral) immunity

44
Q

innate response cells

A

monocytes, macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and mast cells

45
Q

neutrophil is what type of cell and have what function

A

WBC granulocyte; engulf bacteria and fungi, oxidative burst

46
Q

monocyte/macrophages are what types of cells and has what function

A

WBC mononuclear; engulf bacteria, fungi, and cellular debris, produce cytokines, antigen producing

47
Q

eosinophils are what types of cells and have what function

A

WBX granulocyte, associated with allergic reaction and parasitic infection

48
Q

basophils are what types of cells and have what function

A

WBC granulocytes, associated with hypersensitivity and release of histamines

49
Q

mast cells

A

derived from bone marrow cells; granules contain vasoactive amines like histamine, proteases kill bacteria

50
Q

natural killer cells

A

WBC lymphocytes; recognize stressed or infected cells and kills them by secreting macrophage activating cytokine INF gamma

51
Q

B-cell

A

WBC lymphocyte; specific recognition of antigens as mediator of humoral immunity

52
Q

T-cells

A

WBC lymphocyte; specific recognition of antigens as mediator of cell mediated immunity

53
Q
A

plasma cell

54
Q
A

eosinophil

55
Q
A

monocyte

56
Q
A

lymphocyte

57
Q
A

basophil

58
Q
A

neutophil

59
Q
A

mast cell

60
Q
A

neutrophil

61
Q
A

eosinophil

62
Q
A

mast cell

63
Q

dendritic

A

bone marrow dervived; pharocytic, antigen presenting and initiatio of t-cell responses

64
Q

follicular dendritic

A

mesenchymal dervied; antigen presenting, display antigens to B-cells in humoral immune responses

65
Q

cytokines

A

group of proteins produced and secreted by the immune and nonimmune cells to act as intercellular mediators to alter biological resposnes; can be endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine

66
Q

autocrine

A

same receptors that secretes it

ex. IL-2

67
Q

paracrine

A

acts on an adjacent or nearby cell

68
Q

endocrine

A

acts at a distance to stimulate cells

69
Q

what signaling pathway do cytokines typically activate

A

JAK-STAT signaling pathway

70
Q

innate immmunity cytokines

A
71
Q

proinflammatory cytokines

A

TNF alpha, IL 1 and IL 6

72
Q

adaptive immunity cytokines

A
73
Q

chemokines

A

unique type of cytokine; causes cells to migrate towards a concentration gradient of the chemokine

two major groups are CC and CXC

74
Q

coagulation system

A

additional molecule of the immune system; cascade of plasma enzymes which with platelets help to form clots

75
Q

lomom system

A

second enzyme cascade tiggered by tissue damage

76
Q

protease inhibitors

A

enzymes that cleave proteins and breakdown inhibitors

77
Q

defensins

A

antimicrobial peptides produced by a variety of cell types that can penetrate microbial membranes and destroy bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses

Immunology (14 decks)

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