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Immunology > L3 Microbial Pathogenesis and Mechanisms of Virulence > Flashcards

L3 Microbial Pathogenesis and Mechanisms of Virulence Flashcards

1
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

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2
Q

virulence

A

degree of damage or disease resulting from infection

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3
Q

infectivity

A

likelihood of causing infection and or disease with exposure to a particular poison

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4
Q

rhinovirus

A

ss + RNA, naked virion causes common cold high infectivity, low virulence

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5
Q

influenza virus

A

ss - RNA, segmented enveloped causes flu moderate infectivity, greater virulence, host dependent

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6
Q

ebola

A

ss -RNA, enveloped causes hemorrhagic fever high infectivity, high virulence

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7
Q

endogenous acquisition transmission of microbial agents

A

escape from location where it is part of the normal microbiome

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8
Q

exogenous acquisition transmission of microbial agents

A

person to person, animal to person (zoonoses), insect to person, environmental

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9
Q

conceptual framework for infectious diseases

A
  1. encounter 2. entry 3. spread 4. multiplication 5. damage 6. outcome
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10
Q

microbial virulence factors

A

increase virulence NOT REQUIRED FOR GROWTH OUTSIDE OF THE CELL 3 main categories 1. structures involved in attachment, adherence and invasion 2. toxins involved in cell or tissue damage 3. processes involved in immune avoidance

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11
Q

bacterial pili

A

aka fimbriae filamentous structures extending from the bacterial surface - sponsor initial adherence to host cells or extracellular matrix (specific or non-specific) - polymers of bacterial proteins known as pilins

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12
Q

TYPE IV pili

A

specific type of bacteria pili (there are many types of pili) extend, bind, and retract promote surface motility, micro-colony, and biofilm formation, adherence of host cells and immune evasion

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13
Q

flagella versus pili

A
  • both are filamentous appendages - pili are shorter, increased number, and thinner - flagella composed of flagellin - pili are composed of pilins
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14
Q

E coli, O157: H7 what is the H7

A

type of flagella

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15
Q

T/F Only pili and not flagella are virulence factors?

A

false both are just different structures and functions

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16
Q

specialized bacterial secretion systems are important for gram +/gram - bacteria

A

gram - bacteria can use type III, type IV and V systems to inject substrates into other cells

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17
Q

T3SS

A

aka bacterial nanomachines specialized bacterial secretion systems inserts toxins inserts receptors

18
Q

viral attachment

A

mediated by proteins on surface of virion; proteins engage receptor on host cells and then endocytose

19
Q

capsid proteins on naked/encapsulated viruses

A

naked

20
Q

glycoprotein spikes on naked/enveloped viruses

A

enveloped

21
Q

HIV

A
  • ssRNA, enveloped virus - 2-part glycoprotein spike in the viral envelope (GP120 and GP41) - bind CD4 on human T-cell - conformational change allows contact with co-receptor
22
Q

Endotoxin

A
  • lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - gram - outermembrane - lipid and saccaride portion
23
Q

which portion of the endotoxin is toxic?

A
  • lipid portion - potent stimulator of innate immune response
24
Q

PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)

A

located on the pathogens

25
Q

bacterial PAMPS engage extracellular/intracellular TLRs?

A

extracellular

26
Q

viral PAMPS engage extracellular/intracellular TLRs?

A

intracellular

27
Q

exotoxins

A
  • secreted toxins produced by Gram + and - bacteria - toxin genes are frequently encoded on plasmids or bacteriophages
28
Q

A + B exotoxin

A

A- active B- binding

29
Q

A + B Toxin mediated diseases

A

DTP 1. diphtheria 2. tetanus 3. pertussis (whopping cough)

30
Q

DTaP

A

vaccine for DTP

31
Q

toxoid

A

(inactivated toxins) prevents toxin mediated disease

32
Q

pore-forming toxins

A

poke holes in host cell membrane

33
Q

superantigens

A

toxins that can cause toxic shock ex. engage T-cells and antigen presenting cells (MHCII cells) in the adaptive immune system resulting in nonspecific recognition of antigens bypasses antigen specificity and leads to increased T-cells and cytokine storm

34
Q

examples of superantigens

A

staphylococcal and streptococcl

35
Q

immune avoidance by microbial pathogens

A

structures and processes important examples: 1. antigen variation 2. polysaccharide capsules 3. biofilms

36
Q

polysaccharide capsules

A

structural way of how microbial pathogens can avoid immune system extracellular component of gram + and - bacteria that can avoid phagocytosis and avoid immune recognition

37
Q

herpes viruses travel from the periphery to dorsal root ganglion and are latent in __________ and why is this important

A

sensory neurons immune avoidance by microbial pathogens

38
Q

immune avoidance by microbial pathogens structures

A
  1. bacterial and fungal polysaccharide capsules 2. antigens that induce blocking antibodies 3. molecules that inactivate antibodies 4. molecules that mimic host structures and are not recognized as foreign
39
Q

immune avoidance by microbial pathogens process

A
  1. antigen variation 2. avoiding immune surveillance 3. suppressing immune response
40
Q
  1. Match the following bacterial structures with their primary role(s) in pathogenesis. A. Pili B. Polysaccharide capsule C. LPS D. Staphylococcal Protein A Immune avoidance Attachment to host cells Stimulates innate immune responses Thwarts phagocytosis
A

A. Attachment to host cells B. Immune avoidance; Thwarts phagocytosis C. Stimulates innate immune responses D. Immune avoidance

41
Q
  1. The A subunit of Cholera Toxin has which of the following activities? Explain the consequences of this activity. A. Increases adenylate cyclase activity B. Forms pores in epithelial cell membranes C. Acts as an endotoxin D. Acts as a superantigen
A

Increases adenylate cyclase activity

42
Q
A

Immunology (14 decks)

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