L33: Neoplasms

Question 1

True or False: Prostate cancer is most common cancer in males while breast cancer is most common in females

Answer 1

True

Question 2

True or False: Lung and bronchus cancer are second most common cancer in men and women

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What cancer do most men and women die from?
A. Colon and Rectum
B. Lung and Bronchus

Answer 3

B. Lung and Bronchus

Question 4

True or False: A malignant tumor is aggressive, destroys adjacent tissues, and can spread

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What does the suffix -oma generally suggest about the tumor? Which tumors follow this rule?

Answer 5

-Benign
-Mesenchymal derived tumors

Question 6

___ is a benign tumor with epithelial origin that is derived from glands whereas _____ is a large cystic structure that is commonly found in ovary

Answer 6

Adenoma; Cystadenoma

Question 7

True or False: Sarcoma suggests epithelial cell origin whereas Carcinoma suggests mesenchymal cell origin

Answer 7

False -
1) Sarcoma - mesenchymal (bones and soft tissue)
2) Carcinoma - epithelial (lining)

Question 8

True or False: Epithelial cells have ecto, endo, and mesodermal origin

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Which type of tumor has divergent differentiation a single neoplastic cell?

Answer 9

Mixed Tumor

Question 10

Where do Teratomas originate from?

Answer 10

Totipotential cells (ovary or testis)

Question 11

True or False: Mature teratomas and dermoid cysts are benign while immature teratoma and teratocarcinoma are malignant

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Which tumors can have hair muscle, and bone?

Answer 12

Teratoma

Question 13

Fibroma, Lipoma, Chondromas, and Osteomas are ___ while Fibrosarcomas, Lipsarcomas, Chrondrosarcomas are ____

Answer 13

benign; malignant

Question 14

Squamous cell papilloma, Adenoma, Papilloma are all tumors of ___ origin
A. Mesenchymal
B. Epithelial

Answer 14

B. Epithelial

Question 15

True or False: A Nevus is benign but melanoma is malignant

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Are dermoid cysts and mature teratomas benign or malignant?

Answer 16

Benign

Question 17

Are pleomorphic adenomas benign or malignant?

Answer 17

Benign

Question 18

Are immature teratomas and teratocarcinomas benign or malignant?

Answer 18

Malignant

Question 19

____: The extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble corresponding normal parenchymal cells

Answer 19

Differentiation

Question 20

True or False: In benign tumors are poorly differentiated

Answer 20

False - benign tumors are highly differentiated while malignant neoplasms vary from well to undifferentiated

Question 21

____: Normal assembled, but increased number of cells

____: Disorderly but non-neoplastic

____: Lack of differentiation

_____: Conversion from cell type to another

Match these:
- Hyperplasia
- Anaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Metaplasia

Answer 21

• Hyperplasia
• Dysplasia
• Anaplasia
• Metaplasia

Question 22

Which of the following may be cancer precursor?

A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia

Answer 22

B. Dysplasia

Question 23

Dysplasia can be seen in which cancer?
A. Carcinoma
B. Lymphoma
C. Breast Cancer
D. Neuroblastoma

Answer 23

A. Carcinoma

Question 24

Lack of differentiation is considered to be a hallmark of ____

Answer 24

malignancy

Question 25

Which three morphological changes are assocaited with Anaplasia?

Answer 25

1) Loss of polarity 2) Abnormal nuclear morphology 3) Pleomorphism

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a morphological change associated with Anaplasia? A. Hypochromatic B. Increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio C. Increased mitosis D. Multipolar spindles (bizarre)

Answer 26

A. Hypochromatic

Question 27

_____: Occurs when one adult cell type is replaced by another. Associated with reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells. A. Hyperplasia B. Dysplasia C. Anaplasia D. Metaplasia

Answer 27

D. Metaplasia

Question 28

Where do metaplasias commonly occur?

Answer 28

Epithelial transition zones (esophagus/stomach; cervix/uterus)

Question 29

Barrett's esophagus is an example of a ____

Answer 29

metaplasia

Question 30

By the time a tumor is clinically detectable, the majority of cells are not in the ____ pool

Answer 30

replicative

Question 31

True or False: Tumors consist of only proliferative cells

Answer 31

False - they do not

Question 32

What cell types does cytotoxic chemotherapy target?

Answer 32

Rapidly growing cells - Hair - Bone marrow - Cells in stomach/intestine

Question 33

_____: Cancer ells that are resistant to conventional therapies; thought to be reason that some cancers recurrer

Answer 33

Cancer stem cells

Question 34

Where do Cancer Stem Cells arise from?

Answer 34

1) Normal tissue stem cells 2) Mutation of normal tissue

Question 35

Features of Cancer Stem Cells?

Answer 35

1) Self-renewing 2) Divide asymmetrically

Question 36

Which types of tumors grow as a cohesive mass, localized to site of origin, and develop a FIBROUS CAPSULE (that is derived from atrophy of normal cells due to expanding tumor)? A. Benign Tumor B. Malignant Tumor

Answer 36

Benign Tumor

Question 37

Which type of tumors are poorly demarcated from surrounding normal tissue, are "pseudo-encapsulated" and difficult to resect? A. Benign Tumor B. Malignant Tumor

Answer 37

B. Malignant Tumor

Question 38

True or False: In situ epithelial cancers display cytological features of malignancy without invasion of BM

Answer 38

True

Question 39

____: Spread of tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous from primary tumor

Answer 39

Metastasis

Question 40

What are three ways that tumors can spread?

Answer 40

1) Direct seeding via body cavities 2) Lymphatics * 3) Hematogenous spread to liver and lungs

Question 41

Which nodes should you biopsy to look for metastatic cells?

Answer 41

Sentinel Nodes

Question 42

What are the four most common sites of metastasis?

Answer 42

1) Brain - headache/seizure/vertigo 2) Respiratory - cough/hemoplysis 3) Skeletal - pain/fractures 4) Liver - jaundice/hepatomegaly

Question 43

Answer 43

ok

Question 44

Which two features are the most reliable for distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors?

Answer 44

1) Local Invasion 2) Metastasis

Question 45

TNM System helps to "stage" tumors. What does the T, N, and M stand for?

Answer 45

T = Size of primary tumor N = Regional Lymph Node Involvement M = Metastases

Question 46

True or False: A Patient with a T4, N3, M2 tumor has a large mass with a great deal of regional lymph node involvement and metastases compared to a person with a T1, N1, M0 (no met) tumor

Answer 46

True

Question 47

True or False: Grade 1 breast cancer look normal (well differentiated) and is slow growing while Grade 3 looks very different from normal (poorly differentiated) and grows fast

Answer 47

True

Question 48

____ combines grading and TNM classification

Answer 48

Staging

Question 49

T1, N0 and M0 correspond to stage _ while T4, N2, and M1 correspond to stage __

Answer 49

stage I; stage IV

Question 50

True or False: Most Stage I tumors are curable while most Stage IV tumors are inoperable

Answer 50

True