L6

Question 1

what does the aseptic technique allow?

Answer 1

manipulations to culture bacteria while minimizing chances of contamination

Question 2

what would a lawn plating method grow and what could we do with it

Answer 2

a lawn plating technique is for when you want to do something with what grows

Question 3

which plating technique allows determination of a mixed culture/sample

Answer 3

single colonies

Question 4

what is a growth plate for

Answer 4

just to determine if anything grows

Question 5

what is an acid fast stain used for

Answer 5

mycobacterium

Question 6

what repels gram stains

Answer 6

many antibiotics (or waxy cell walls)

Question 7

primary dye of acid fast stain

Answer 7

carbol- fuschin

Question 8

can you use an acid to wash out carbol-fuschin

Answer 8

no

Question 9

what is done instead of using an acid to wash it out in an acid fast stain

Answer 9

counterstains with methylene blue

Question 10

is a slime layer loosely attached or very attached

Answer 10

loosely

Question 11

what is the glycocalyx composed of

Answer 11

sugars and proteins

Question 12

is a capsule loosely attached or tightly

Answer 12

tight

Question 13

what bacteria was used in the Griffiths experiment

Answer 13

streptococcus pneumonia

Question 14

what was the cause of the rough vs smooth colony appearance in the Griffiths experiment

Answer 14

biofilm formation by the capsule that allowed it to better colonize to the lungs

Question 15

how would a heat killed capsule still cause death? (Griffith experiment)

Answer 15

the dead cell was able to release its DNA which allowed the non capsulated cells to create a capsule and attack

Question 16

what does a negative stain show

Answer 16

visitation of the glycocalyx

Question 17

what are the dyes used for a negative stain

Answer 17

nigrosin
congo red acidic

Question 18

what is unique about the preparation of a negative stain

Answer 18

cells are not fixed

Question 19

what prevents the binding or penetrating to bacteria in a negative stain

Answer 19

size and charge of dyes

Question 20

what stain is required to view a flagella? also what does the flagella need to look like before ?

Answer 20

Leifson stain = crystal die + a mordant

the flagella must be thickened

Question 21

what does an atrichous flagella look like

Answer 21

there is none

Question 22

what does an mono flagella look like

Answer 22

one flagella

Question 23

what does an amphi flagella look like

Answer 23

there’s a flagella on both ends

Question 24

what does a lopho flagella look like

Answer 24

there’s groups of them

Question 25

what does a peri flagella look like

Answer 25

multiple surrounding

Question 26

whats a UTI causing bacteria that is well seen with flagella stain

Answer 26

proteus vulgaris

Question 27

are endospores heat resistant

Answer 27

extremely

Question 28

what is formed inside an endospore

Answer 28

a dormant daughter

Question 29

why is an endospore not considered alive

Answer 29

because all cellular processes are halted and it is basically always in a rest stage

Question 30

what are the 2 notable endospore forming groups listed

Answer 30

bacillus (anthrax) clostridium (tetanus, botuluism, gangrene)

Question 31

what is the endospore forming group that could kill 250 000 people with a rice size

Answer 31

botuluism

Question 32

what kind of stain is used for an endospore stain

Answer 32

moist heat

Question 33

whats the primary stain of endospore staining

Answer 33

malachite green

Question 34

whats the counterstain for endospore staining

Answer 34

safranin

Question 35

what part of endospore is stained green at the end

Answer 35

spore

Question 36

what are the physical factors that affect growth (numbers) of bacteria (4)

Answer 36

temperature pH salinity nutrients

Question 37

what are humans for temperature

Answer 37

mesophiles

Question 38

why does a temperature peak drop for bacteria?

Answer 38

some of the enzymes or bacteria destabilize when they're not at optimum, so the growth drops because they can't multiply

Question 39

what are the bacteria found in hotsprings

Answer 39

thermophiles

Question 40

what are bacteria that can grow in slaty environments

Answer 40

halophiles

Question 41

what are the 7 critical enzymatic cofactors

Answer 41

Zn Fe K Na Mg Mn Cl

Question 42

what are trace elements

Answer 42

low quantity elements, but very essential for life

Question 43

whats the backbone to most organic elements

Answer 43

carbon

Question 44

what is nitrogen for

Answer 44

the production of amino acids

Question 45

what soaks up free radicals

Answer 45

antioxidants

Question 46

what is a positive catalase test indicated by

Answer 46

bubbles/foaming

Question 47

why does catalase bubble?

Answer 47

because the hydrogen peroxide is generating oxygen gas

Question 48

what do aerobically living organisms produce

Answer 48

a series of enzymes which detoxify the oxygen free radicals

Question 49

whats the media used for determine bacterias growth in regards to oxygen

Answer 49

thioglycolate broth

Question 50

whats an obligate aerobe

Answer 50

needs oxygen to grow (will grow around top of media)

Question 51

whats a facultative anaerobe

Answer 51

it grows better in the presence of O2 but it is not required for it to grow will be in higher density at the top and trail down the media

Question 52

whats an example of a facultative anaerobe

Answer 52

e coli

Question 53

whats an obligate anaerobe

Answer 53

stops growing once it hits oxygen will be at the bottom of the media `

Question 54

whats an aerotolerant anaerobe

Answer 54

can grow with O2 or without it will be pretty evenly dispersed throughout media

Question 55

whats a microaerophile

Answer 55

grows at a very specific point picky

Question 56

what needs tight regulation while growing bacteria in the lab (3)

Answer 56

nutrients temperature gases

Question 57

whats a complex media

Answer 57

we are not aware of everything in it or the quantities

Question 58

is it easy to tailor a complex media to grow specific things

Answer 58

no

Question 59

whats a defined media

Answer 59

we know exactly whats in it and the quantities that come with it

Question 60

can you easily tailor a defined media to get specific things to grow `

Answer 60

yes