L6 Social Categorisation, Stereotypes and Prejudice

Question 1

category

Answer 1

collections of instances that have a family resemblance organised around a prototype

Question 2

prototypes (theory)

Answer 2

cognitive representation of typical defining features of a category

Question 3

why do we categorise

Answer 3

save cognitive energy

clarifies and refines perception of the world

maintain positive self esteem

Question 4

illusory correlation

Answer 4

perceiving a relationship between two variables when there is no correlation

Question 5

Hamilton and Sherman (1996)

Answer 5

asking white Americans the arrest rate of other Americans. they thought africans had higher rate than they actually did

Question 6

effects of stereotyping

Answer 6

behavioural assimilation

stereotype threat

prejudice and discrimination

Question 7

behavioural assimilation Bargh 1996

Answer 7

primed 2 sets of participants tasked with making sentence out of words with either elderly words or neutral

those primed with elders were slower to exit the room

effects don’t always replicate as effects are not universal (people need to care)

Question 8

stereotype threat

Answer 8

feeling we will be judged/treated in terms of negative stereotypes and that we will inadvertently conform these stereotypes through our behaviour

Question 9

examples of stereotype threat

Answer 9

women and maths (Spencer, Steel and Quinn 1999)

men and social sensitivity (koenig and early 2005)

elderly people and memory (levy 1996)

Question 10

prejudice

Answer 10

unfavourable attitudes towards a social group and its members

Question 11

3 types of discrimination

Answer 11

reluctance to help

tokenism

reverse discrimination

Question 12

reluctance to help

Answer 12

reluctant to help a minority member (than own group) only in the presence of others

Question 13

tokenism

Answer 13

favouring a member of minority groups in isolated incidents

Question 14

reverse discrimination

Answer 14

pro minority behaviour as a deflection of accusations of prejudice

(hiring a woman over man for diversity)

Question 15

modern or symbolic racism

Answer 15

blaming victim

supporting policies that happen to disadvantage racial minorities

Question 16

ambivalent racism

Answer 16

pity for the disadvantages and hoslnitiy toward the deviant

Question 17

ambivalent sexism

Answer 17

hostile sexism (women are inferior)

benevolent sexism (apparently positive but paints them as incapable)

Question 18

what causes prejudice

Answer 18

frustration aggression hypothesis

authoritarian personality

social learning

conformity

Question 19

frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 19

frustration causes aggression

Question 20

hovland and sears (1940)

Answer 20

price of cotton decreased and number of lynchings to slaves increased

can’t determine cause and effect

Question 21

authoritarian personality

Answer 21

harsh parental discipline leads to extreme reactions to authority figures and a tendency to displace anger

Question 22

Adorno et al (1950)

Answer 22

interviews about childhood followed by questionaire monitoring F scale

criticisms:
can’t determine cause and effect
relies on memory of upbringing
ignores social context

Question 23

social learning

Answer 23

Tajfel 1981 argued hatred and suspicion of certain groups are learnt early in life

Question 24

blue eyes/brown eyes demonstration (hogg and Vaughan 2014)

Answer 24

one day blue eyes were inferior to brown eyes and lost privileges

brown eyes were quick to derogate blue