Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Micro unit 2 > L9 > Flashcards

L9 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Not antigen specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adaptive Immunity:

A

Antigen specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The immune response develops with an

A

“innate” phase early after infection and with an “adaptive” later phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Innate immune response is

A

is ancient.
involves barrier defenses

involves cells that are NOT antigen specific.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. Physical barriers (Epithelial and Mucosal surfaces)
A

The skin acts as our first line of defense against invading organisms.

Mucosal surfaces (another important first line of defense)

The flushing action of tears and saliva helps prevent infection of the eyes and mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Desquamation of

A

skin epithelium also helps remove bacteria and other infectious agents that have adhered to the epithelial surfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Movement due to cilia or peristalsis helps to keep

A

air passages and the gastrointestinal tract free from microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The trapping effect of

A

mucus that lines the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract helps protect the lungs and digestive systems from infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Chemical barriers: Fatty acids in sweat
A

inhibit the growth of bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. Chemical barriers: Lysozyme and phospholipase found in
A

tears, saliva and nasal secretions can breakdown the cell wall of bacteria and destabilize bacterial membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. Chemical barriers: The low pH of sweat and gastric secretions prevent
A

growth of bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. Chemical barriers: Defensins (low molecular weight proteins) found in the
A

lung and gastrointestinal tract have antimicrobial activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. Chemical barriers: Surfactants in the lung
A

act enhance antigen clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. Biological barriers: The normal flora of the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract can
A

prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or attachment to cell surfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Immune Cells: Aliases are

A

white blood cells and leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

All leukocytes are derived from

A

hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Myeloid cells are leukocytes derived from a

A

myeloid progenitor cell

  Dendritic cells granulocytes monocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Granulocytes

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monocytes in circulation differentiate

into

A

macrophages in tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lymphoid cells are

A

leukocytes derived from lymphoid progenitor cells.

   Natural Killer cells are innate
    immune cells.

   T cells and B cells are adaptive
   immune cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Natural Killer Cells: Comprise

A

5-15% of leukocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Natural killer cells: Primary job is to

A

kill virally infected and tumor cells. The can also produce cytokines (specifically IFN-γ) for macrophages early in infection. They are lymphocytes, but they are not antigen-specific.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neutrophils

A

phagocytic cells
large cells
50-75% of blood leukocytes in humans
often the first cells to respond to “trouble”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

neutrophils contain

A

arsenal of lysozymes and antibiotic proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
neutrophils nucleus
characteristic multilobed nucleus
26
neutrophils rapidly respond to
rapidly respond to chemotactic agents
27
neutrophils produce
produce chemotactic agents for other leukocytes
28
neutrophils phagocytose invading
microorganisms or particles
29
Eosinophils:
Minor cell type, comprises 1-5% of total leukocytes in human blood. They are a type of granulocyte, and play a prominent role in response to parasitic infections (also involved in allergic reactions and asthma).
30
eosinophils They induce their function by
degranulating and releasing: eosinophil cationic protein - major basic protein - eosinophil peroxidase - reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates
31
Basophils & Mast Cells: basophils comprise
0.2 % of blood leukocytes (very low numbers)
32
Basophils & Mast Cells: mast cells are very
similar and are found in tissues (not blood)
33
Basophils & Mast Cells: principal trigger is
IgE mediated surface receptor cross-linking
34
Basophils & Mast Cells: release multiple
inflammatory mediators
35
Basophils & Mast Cells: = histamine is
primary mediator
36
Basophils and mast cells; protective during
INFflammation but pathological role in allergy
37
An essential part of the inflammatory response is the
recruitment of innate immune cells to sites of infection and inflammation. These cells are part of the first line of defense in the innate immune system:
38
Natural killer (NK)–
NK cells can nonspecifically kill virus infected and tumor cells. important in nonspecific immunity to viral infections and tumor surveillance. FIRST RESPONDER!!
39
Eosinophils –
Eosinophils have proteins in granules that are effective in killing certain parasites. Involved in inflammatory and allergic responses ( particularly in the skin and airway)
40
Neutrophils –
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are recruited to the site of infection where they phagocytose invading organisms and kill them intracellularly. Can contribute to tissue damage during inflammation. FIRST RESPONDER!!
41
Macrophages –
main function is phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microorganisms. capable of killing infected or altered self target cells contribute to tissue repair/wound healing act as antigen-presenting cells, which are required for the induction of specific immune responses.
42
Dendritic Cells –
main function is antigen processing and presentation to T-cells. Critical cell in initiating the adaptive immune response
43
Monocytes/Macrophages: monocyte --->
macrophage (in tissue) in tissue
44
Monocytes/Macrophages: 5-10% of
blood leukocytes
45
Monocytes/Macrophages: ARE
phagocytic cells
46
Monocytes/Macrophages: have characteristic
large nucleus
47
Monocytes/Macrophages: very large cell,
10 - 20 µm in diameter
48
Monocytes/Macrophages: produce
chemotactic agents for other leukocytes
49
Monocytes/Macrophages: contain arsenal of
lysozymes and antibiotic proteins
50
Monocytes/macrophages: phagocytose
microorganisms, particles, & tumor cells
51
Monocytes/macrophages: extremely important for
antigen presentation | extremely important for clearance of dead cells & debris
52
Dendritic Cells:
Phagocytic cells (less predominant than neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages) are primarily responsible for phagoytosing microbes, and presenting peptide antigens to lymphocytes. Thus, they are generally referred to as antigen presenting cells (or professional antigen presenting cells).
53
Monocytes/Macrophages and Dendritic Cells have an
additional important function:
54
Cytokines: Proteins produced by many different
cell types that mediate inflammatory and immune reactions. Cytokines are principal mediators of communication between cells of the immune response.
55
Chemokines: A large family of structurally
homologous, low molecular weight cytokines that stimulate leukocyte movement and regulate the migration of leukocytes from the blood to the tissues.
56
The dendritic cell is the principal cell type that links the
innate immune response to the adaptive immune response (macrophages can do this too) ``` Cytokine Producers Phagocytic Cells (but more specialized toward antigen presentation) ```
57
Periphery
Innate
58
Lymph Node
Adaptive
59
Lymphocytes derived from
hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, that differentiate into lymphoid progenitor cells.
60
Lymphoid progenitors give rise to
B lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow and T lymphocytes that mature in the thymus
61
Lymphocytes :
20-50% of blood leukocytes | B cells, T cells, NK cells
62
Lymphocytes; relatively small,
6 - 10 µm in diameter
63
Lymphocytes: produce
produce chemotactic agents to attract other leukocytes produce cytokines to activate or inactivate other leukocytes extremely important for adaptive immunity: immunologic specificity immune regulation immune memory (basis for vaccines)
64
Adaptive immunity is comprised of both a
humoral arm and a cell-mediated arm.
65
Why are both arms needed? - adaptive immunity
Use different mechanisms to attack pathogens humoral primarily effective against extracellular microbes cell-mediated primarily effective intracellular pathogens
66
How do we tell immune cells apart?
Cluster of Differentiaton (CD) Markers
67
CD3+ cells are
T cells
68
CD3+CD4+ cells are
CD4+ T cells (or Helper T cells)
69
-CD3+CD8+ cells are
CD8+ T cells (or Cytotoxic T Cells)
70
An antigen (Ag) is any
substance that can be specifically bound by a cell of the adaptive immune system
71
Immunogen
- an antigen that ellicits an immune response
72
Tolerogen-
induces immunological tolerance or immune non-responsiveness
73
Allergen-
an antigen that causes an immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction
74
Endogenous Antigen
Antigens generated within the cells of the body as a result of normal metabolism or viral infection Proteins encoded for by genes of viruses Abberant proteins encoded for by mutated genes (e.g. cancer cells)
75
Endogenous antigen - These are antigens presented by
APCs to CD8+ T cells
76
Exogenous Antigen
``` Antigen directly entering the body from the environment Inhaled antigen (e.g. cat hairs, pollen) Ingested antigen (e.g. shellfish protein, peanuts) Injected antigen (e.g. splinter, injected vaccine ```
77
Exogenous antigen - These are antigens presented by
APCs to CD4+ Tcells
78
Anatomy of Lymphocyte Activation
Microbe infects host Microbe is taken up by APC at site of infection APC enters lymph circulation and into LN Naïve T and B cells enter LN from circulation
79
How do immune cells get into lymphoid organs? | no antigen
If no antigen is being presented, T cells leave and re-enter circulation.
80
How do immune cells get into lymphoid organs? | antigen present
If antigen is present, immune cell is activated prior to exiting and going to site of peripheral infection/inflammation
81
Controlling Leukocyte Entry into Peripheral Sites: Physiochemical Variables: Blood flow (shear force)
Post-capillary venules have less shear force and thin vessel wall
82
Controlling Leukocyte Entry into Peripheral Sites: Physiochemical Variables Electrostatic interactions
Net (-) charge on endothelia and inflammatory cells Repulsion under physiological conditions Electrostatic grasping can occur after injury/infection due to changes in charge distribution
83
Cellular adhesion molecules for
lymphocyte homing
84
Toll-like receptors are
HIGHLY CONSERVED across species. TLRs were first described in drosophila and are almost identical in all species including humans.
85
TLRs are also known as
pattern recognition receptors They recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules, collectively referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
86
Consequences of TLR ligation affect both
innate and adaptive immunity

Micro unit 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions