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BSCI 212 Psycho > L9 Social Psychology > Flashcards

L9 Social Psychology Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What is Social Psychology?

A

The study of how individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors influence and are influenced by others.

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2
Q

What are the three levels of social psychology?

A
  • Intrapersonal
  • Interpersonal
  • Group
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3
Q

Define People Perception.

A

The way we perceive ourselves and others.

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4
Q

What is Stereotyping?

A

Qualities perceived to be associated with particular groups or categories of people.

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5
Q

What is the Labelling Effect?

A

A set of cognitive processes when we apply stereotypes to a person, leading to cognitive bias.

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6
Q

What is Prejudice?

A

A negative assessment of another person based on group membership, often leading to unfair judgments.

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7
Q

What is Discrimination?

A

Treating members of various social groups differently in circumstances where their rights or treatment should be identical.

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8
Q

How can stereotypes be reduced?

A
  • Focus on individual differences within a group
  • Emphasize similarities across groups
  • Acknowledge multiple group identities
  • Maintain awareness of stereotyping processes
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9
Q

What is Attribution?

A

The process that people use to decide what causes an event, others’ behavior, and their own behavior.

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10
Q

What are the three types of attribution?

A
  • Internal attribution
  • External attribution
  • Relational attribution
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11
Q

Define Internal Attribution.

A

Explanations of events/behaviors that refer to internal characteristics, such as abilities or traits.

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12
Q

Define External Attribution.

A

Explanations of events/behaviors that refer to external events, such as luck or task difficulty.

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13
Q

What is Relational Attribution?

A

Explanations of events/behaviors that refer to interactions between two partners.

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14
Q

What is Attribution Bias?

A

A subjective process in attribution where people make attributions to save cognitive effort or protect self-esteem.

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15
Q

What is Fundamental Attribution Bias?

A

The tendency to explain others’ behaviors as the result of personal factors rather than situational factors.

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16
Q

What is Actor-Observer Bias?

A

The tendency to see others’ behavior as dispositionally caused while seeing one’s own behavior as situationally caused.

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17
Q

What is Self-Serving Bias?

A

Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors to maintain self-esteem.

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18
Q

What is Interpersonal Communication?

A

An interactive process where one person sends a message to another, involving both parties in sending, receiving, and interpreting information.

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19
Q

What are the seven components of the interpersonal communication process?

A
  • Sender
  • Receiver
  • Message
  • Channel
  • Feedback
  • Noise
  • Context
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20
Q

Define Noise in communication.

A

Any stimulus that interferes with accurately expressing or understanding a message.

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21
Q

What are the types of noise?

A
  • Physiological noise
  • Psychological noise
  • Intellectual noise
  • Environmental noise
  • Semantic noise
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22
Q

What does Context refer to in communication?

A

The background of the communication, including environmental, situational, or cultural settings.

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23
Q

What are the seven components in interpersonal communication?

A
  • Context
  • Sender
  • Message
  • Channel
  • Receiver
  • Noise
  • Feedback

These components are essential for understanding the dynamics of communication in interpersonal relationships.

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24
Q

What does ‘context’ refer to in interpersonal communication?

A

The background of the communication, including environmental, situational, or cultural settings

This includes factors such as location, time, noise level, and relationship history.

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25
What is the role of 'noise' in the interpersonal communication process?
Any distraction or interference that affects the communication process ## Footnote Noise can distort the message being transmitted between the sender and receiver.
26
Define nonverbal communication.
The transmission of meaning from one person to another through means or symbols other than words. ## Footnote This includes body language, facial expressions, and other forms of non-verbal cues.
27
What does the SOLER framework stand for?
* S: Sitting squarely * O: Open posture * L: Lean towards * E: Eye contact * R: Relaxed posture ## Footnote This framework, developed by Egan, is used for effective non-verbal communication in professional relationships.
28
What does 'S' in SOLER stand for and what does it imply?
'S' stands for Sitting squarely, which means facing the person you are talking to. ## Footnote This posture shows attentiveness and engagement in the conversation.
29
What is the significance of 'O' in the SOLER framework?
'O' stands for Open posture, which means not crossing arms or legs. ## Footnote This posture helps to convey openness and reduces defensiveness.
30
What does 'L' in SOLER represent?
'L' represents Leaning towards the person, which conveys interest in the conversation. ## Footnote Leaning slightly can enhance the feeling of connection and understanding.
31
What is the importance of 'E' in the SOLER framework?
'E' stands for Eye contact, which indicates interest and concern. ## Footnote Good eye contact should be maintained without staring.
32
What does 'R' in SOLER signify?
'R' stands for Relaxed posture, which avoids fidgeting and displays calmness. ## Footnote A relaxed posture helps to put both the speaker and listener at ease.
33
What is personal space in nonverbal communication?
A zone of space surrounding a person that is felt to 'belong' to them. ## Footnote Respecting personal space is crucial to avoid discomfort and anxiety.
34
How does personal space relate to interpersonal relationships?
The more you like someone, the closer you are willing to be physically. ## Footnote People with similar status tend to maintain closer physical proximity.
35
What are the effects of invading personal space?
Psychological discomfort and associated physiological changes. ## Footnote Invasion of personal space can lead to anxiety and behavioral responses.
36
What were the three conditions in the Middlemist et al. (1976) study on personal space?
* Close distance condition * Moderate distance condition * Control condition ## Footnote This study examined physiological responses to personal space invasion in a public lavatory setting.
37
What were the results of the Middlemist et al. (1976) study regarding personal space invasion?
Participants in the close distance condition took longer to initiate urination and urinated for shorter durations. ## Footnote This indicated that invasion of personal space increases anxiety.
38
What implications can be drawn from personal space invasion for clinic and ward designs?
Anxiety and recovery progress can be affected by personal space. ## Footnote Psychological discomfort and aggression may also arise in poorly designed spaces.
39
What is Verbal Communication?
The transmission of meaning from one person to another through spoken or written words.
40
What is a gain-framed message?
A message that highlights the benefits of engaging in a good behavior.
41
What is a loss-framed message?
A message that highlights the costs of failing to engage in a good behavior.
42
Provide an example of a gain-framed message.
You will live longer if you quit smoking.
43
Provide an example of a loss-framed message.
You will die sooner if you do not quit smoking.
44
What does Rothman and Salovey (1997) suggest about health behaviors with lower risk?
Gain-framed messages should be more effective.
45
What does Rothman and Salovey (1997) suggest about health behaviors with higher risk?
Loss-framed messages should be more effective.
46
What was the result of Detweiler et al. (1999) regarding gain-framed and loss-framed messages for sunscreen usage?
71% redeemed coupons for gain frame; 53% for loss frame.
47
What does empathy mean in the context of patient communication?
The ability to understand the feelings, attitudes, roles and perceptions of another.
48
How can strong emotions affect communication?
Strong emotions make communication impossible if ignored.
49
What are the steps to generate empathic responses?
* Identifying the emotion the patient is experiencing * Identifying the origins of that emotion
50
What is social influence?
The process of interpersonal influences.
51
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
When beliefs about a person cause that person to behave in ways that confirm those beliefs.
52
What is the Model of Social Facilitation?
Behavior is influenced by the presence of an audience.
53
What is social loafing?
When people work as a team, often the contribution produced by each team member is less than if working independently.
54
What is conformity?
What happens when one is under social pressure.
55
What is obedience in social psychology?
What happens when one is under authority commands.
56
What does social facilitation refer to?
An enhanced performance in the presence of others compared to working individually.
57
What does social inhibition refer to?
A worsened performance in the presence of others compared to working individually.
58
What conditions encourage or deter social loafing?
* Identify individual performance * Form smaller work groups * More task structure and specialized roles * Direct and immediate feedback * Group cohesion
59
True or False: Gain-framed messages are always more effective than loss-framed messages.
False.
60
Fill in the blank: Empathy helps to continue a communication process if the conversation involves _______.
[strong emotions]
61
True or False: Social loafing is more likely when individual efforts can be monitored.
False.
62
What is the relationship between task familiarity and social facilitation?
If the task is easy or well-learned, the dominant response is good performance.
63
What conditions lead individuals to engage less in social loafing?
Individuals engage less in social loafing when: * the task is interesting * the task fits their knowledge or they are skilled at it ## Footnote These conditions highlight the importance of intrinsic motivation and competence in reducing social loafing.
64
Who tends to engage more in social loafing?
Individuals who are: * fatigued * sleep-deprived ## Footnote Fatigue can impair motivation and engagement in group tasks.
65
What is conformity?
Conformity refers to the altering of one’s behaviors and opinions because of social pressure (real or imagined) or group norms. ## Footnote It is the process of yielding to social pressure.
66
What influences people to give obviously wrong answers in group settings?
People are influenced by other people’s answers. ## Footnote This highlights the impact of social pressure on individual responses.
67
Describe the classic experiment by Asch (1955) on conformity.
A naïve participant joined a group of five confederates who were instructed to give the same obviously incorrect answer to simple questions about line lengths. ¾ of participants followed others to give an incorrect answer at least once. ## Footnote This experiment illustrates the power of group influence on individual judgment.
68
What is informative influence in the context of conformity?
Informative influence occurs when individuals assume that the behavior of the crowd represents the correct way to respond in ambiguous situations. ## Footnote Examples include deciding which way to go on a train platform or during potential emergencies.
69
What is normative influence in conformity?
Normative influence is when individuals conform to social norms to avoid negative social consequences or to fit in with a group. ## Footnote Social norms are expected standards of conduct.
70
What factors influence the degree of conformity?
Factors influencing conformity include: * Group size * Group unanimity (unanimous agreement) ## Footnote Group size increases conformity up to a peak of seven, and one dissenter can significantly lower conformity.
71
Define obedience in a psychological context.
Obedience is behavior change produced by the commands of authority. ## Footnote Authority figures exert influence based on their power status.
72
What was the result of Hofling's (1966) hospital experiment on obedience?
21 out of 22 nurses would have given a patient an overdose of a fictitious drug when instructed by a person claiming to be a doctor over the phone. ## Footnote This experiment demonstrates high levels of obedience to authority even in unethical situations.
73
What was the main finding of Milgram's (1963) obedience experiment?
65% of participants administered the maximum electric shock when instructed by an authority figure. ## Footnote This study highlights the extent to which individuals will obey authority, even against their moral beliefs.
74
What factors make individuals more likely to obey?
Obedience is more likely if individuals believe they are not ultimately responsible and is increased by psychological distance from the consequences of their actions. ## Footnote Dehumanization of victims can also increase obedience.
75
What does the Stanford Prison Experiment illustrate?
The Stanford Prison Experiment illustrates how situational factors can lead normal individuals to behave in abusive and dehumanizing ways. ## Footnote Conducted by Zimbardo, this study emphasizes the power of social roles and environments.
76
What is deindividuation?
Deindividuation is a state where an individual in a group experiences a weakened sense of personal identity and diminished self-awareness. ## Footnote This often leads individuals to act according to their social role rather than their personal values.
77
What is dehumanization?
Dehumanization is the process where individuals perceive others as less than human, inferior, or unworthy of respect. ## Footnote This can facilitate harmful behaviors towards others.

BSCI 212 Psycho (9 decks)

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