lab 1: animal physiology

Question 1

define dorsal

Answer 1

towards the backbone

Question 2

define ventral

Answer 2

away from the back (towards the tummy)

Question 3

define anterior

Answer 3

towards the head

Question 4

define posterior

Answer 4

away from the head

Question 5

define lateral

Answer 5

away from midline

Question 6

define medial

Answer 6

closer to midline

Question 7

define external

Answer 7

towards the surface

Question 8

define internal

Answer 8

away from the surface (towards the inside)

Question 9

how to know if fetal pig is female

Answer 9

presence of clitoris
urogenital opening at base of papilla near tail

Question 10

how to know if fetal pig is male

Answer 10

presence of scrotal sac
urogenital opening near umbilical cord

Question 11

describe liver

Answer 11

Stores extra carbs as glycogen
Detox of chemicals
Disposes of components of damaged blood cells
Produces bile salts

Question 12

describe gallbladder

Answer 12

Stores bile and releases it into the upper region of small intestine (duodenum) via bile duct

Question 13

describe small intestine

Answer 13

Finalizes digestion and absorbs nutrients

Question 14

describe large intestine

Answer 14

Reabsorbs water and some vitamins or minerals

Question 15

describe caecum

Answer 15

Contains bacteria important for digestion of plant matter

Question 16

describe rectum

Answer 16

Stores indigestible material (feces) before excretion via anus

Question 17

describe spleen

Answer 17

Removes old red blood cells
Stores lymphocytes and red blood cells

Question 18

describe stomach

Answer 18

Digestion of proteins

Question 19

describe pancreas

Answer 19

Secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum
Produces hormones, insulin and glucagon, to regulate blood glucose levels

Question 20

describe kidney

Answer 20

Filters blood
Produces urine (osmoregulation and nitrogen waste excretion)

Question 21

describe ureter

Answer 21

Carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder

Question 22

describe urinary bladder

Answer 22

stores urine

Question 23

name parts that only a female fetal pig has

Answer 23

ovaries
uterine horn

Question 24

name parts that only a male fetal pig has

Answer 24

testis
penis

Question 25

describe ovary

Answer 25

Produces ova (female gametes) and male sex hormones

Question 26

describe uterine horn

Answer 26

Development of fetus

Question 27

describe testis

Answer 27

may be undescended Produces sperm (male gametes) and male sex hormones

Question 28

describe penis

Answer 28

Insemination of female Urination (urethra)

Question 29

describe bulbourethral glands

Answer 29

Contribute to seminal fluid

Question 30

describe larynx

Answer 30

contains vocal cords

Question 31

describe trachea

Answer 31

Carries air from larynx to lungs Branches into bronchi, bronchioles and ends in sacs called alveoli (where gas exchange happens)

Question 32

describe thymus (3 lobes)

Answer 32

Site of T-lymphocyte development Produces hormones that stimulate lymphocyte development

Question 33

describe thyroid

Answer 33

Produces hormones involved in regulation of metabolism

Question 34

describe esophagus

Answer 34

Carries food from pharynx to stomach

Question 35

describe heart and name its parts

Answer 35

pumps blood throughout circulatory system Right atrium Pulmonary trunk Aorta Ductus arteriosus - only present in fetus Anterior and posterior vena cavae

Question 36

Describe lungs

Answer 36

site of gas exchange

Question 37

describe diaphragm

Answer 37

Muscle that separates abdominal and thoracic cavities Contraction causes it to move downward during inhalation (*negative pressure breathing)

Question 38

describe ductus arteriosus

Answer 38

shunt between pulmonary artery and aorta closes at birth when lungs become functional

Question 39

name and describe the 2 major veins returning blood to heart

Answer 39

Anterior (superior) vena cava - drains head, neck and arms Posterior (inferior) vena cava - drains all tissues located below the heart

Question 40

describe hard palate

Answer 40

Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity (anterior)

Question 41

describe soft palate

Answer 41

Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity (posterior)

Question 42

describe pharynx

Answer 42

Passageway for food to esophagus and air to the larynx

Question 43

describe nasopharynx

Answer 43

Nasal passageway into pharynx

Question 44

describe epiglottis

Answer 44

Flap of tissue that covers glottis (opening to larynx) when swallowing

Question 45

describe sympathetic trunk

Answer 45

Part of autonomic nervous system Fight or flight response Contains ganglia

Question 46

Describe spinal cord

Answer 46

Part of central nervous system Encased in backbone/vertebrae

Question 47

describe dorsal root

Answer 47

Contains sensory neurons Joins with ventral root to form spinal nerves

Question 48

describe dorsal root ganglion

Answer 48

Located in dorsal root Contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 49

describe spinal nerves

Answer 49

Contains sensory and motor neurons Part of peripheral nervous system