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Human Physiology > lecture 2: tissues > Flashcards

lecture 2: tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

what are tissues

A

groups of cells with a common structure and function

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2
Q

name 4 main categories of tissue

A

nervous
muscle
epithelial
connective

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3
Q

describe nervous tissue generally

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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4
Q

describe muscle tissue briefly

A

cause movement
anywhere that moves (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

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5
Q

describe epithelial tissue generally

A

protects
secretes
absorbs
filters
lines

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6
Q

describe connective tissue generally

A

bones
fat
blood
tendons
all filler tissue

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7
Q

how to know it’s epithelial tissue visually

A

usually see air on one side or air somewhere

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8
Q

where do you find epithelial tissue

A

everywhere

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9
Q

describe locations of epithelial tissue

A

lining of hollow organs
covering of skin surface
glandular secretory tissue (saliva, sebaceous glands, sweat)

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10
Q

describe functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection (mechanical injury, microorganisms, fluid loss)
absorption
secretion
filtration

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11
Q

what is epithelial tissue classified by

A

cell shape and number of layers

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12
Q

name and describe 3 types of shapes of epithelial tissue

A

squamous - flat nucleus, flattened
cuboidal - cube shape, round nucleus
columnar - column like, oval nucleus

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13
Q

describe the 2 types (numbers) of layers of epithelial tissue

A

simple
stratified (combined together)

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14
Q

what is the apical surface

A

contacts air food blood etc
top

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15
Q

what is the basal surface

A

base
glues epithelial tissue to underlying tissue

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16
Q

how many types of epithelial tissue are there

A

8

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17
Q

name all 8 types of epithelial tissue

A

simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
pseudo stratified columnar

stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar
transitional epithelium

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18
Q

what’s the catch with pseudostratified columnar

A

looks stratified but is simple

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19
Q

describe structure function location of simple squamous

A

s - single layer of flattened cells (cytoplasm is sparse
f - rapid diffusion exchange
l - kidney glomeruli, lung alveoli, capillaries

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20
Q

visually describe simple squamous

A

very thin
simple, nuclei visible
thin strings

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21
Q

describe structure function location of simple cuboid

A

s - single layer of cuboidal cells
f - secretion and absorption
l - ducts of glands, kidney tubules

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22
Q

visually describe simple cuboid

A

can see cube shapes with nuclei
has blood (in capillary)
connective tissues glue tubules together

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23
Q

describe structure function location of simple columnar

A

s - single layer of tall closely packed cells, some have cilia or microvilli
f - secretion of enzymes and mucus (goblet cells, absorption (microvilli)
l - digestive tract, gallbladder, gland ducts, bronchi, uterine tubes

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24
Q

visually describe simple columnar

A

long cells
connective tissue
goblet cells (look empty ish but have mucus)
microvilli maximized surface area

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25
describe structure function location of pseudo stratified columnar
s - single layer of cells that vary in height, often ciliated f - secretion of mucus (goblet cells), cilia beat to move mucus l - upper respiratory tract, duct glands, tubules in testes
26
visually describe pseudo stratified columnar
look for cilia, elongated cells and goblet cells all cells touch bottom (simple) but nuclei at different heights so appears stratified
27
describe structure function location of stratified squamous
s - apical later is squamous (lower layers are columnar or cuboidal) f - protect abasing wear and tear (friction) l - skin, mouth, esophagus (keratinized cells on skin surface (dead) and non keratinized in moist areas)
28
visually describe stratified squamous
flat nuclei on top (apical cells gives names) become round towards bottom basement membrane - basal cells actively undergo mitosis to replace cells on top connective tissue
29
stratified squamous lines the esophagus WHYYYY???
protective against vomit, heat, food eating food - peristalsis, so food is pushed down and scraped against esophagus stratified cause multiple layers - to not top open esophagus
30
describe structure of stratified cuboidal
two layers of cuboidal cells
31
describe structure of stratified columnar
surface cells are columnar cells underneath vary in size and shape
32
describe location and function of stratified cuboidal or columnar
l - ducts of large glands (ducts connect gland to skin) (sweat, mammary, esophageal) f - protection
33
name the 2 types of epithelium that are rare
stratified cuboidal or columnar
34
visually describe stratified cuboidal
2 layers of nuclei visible
35
visually describe stratified columnar
only apical layer columnar - named by this
36
describe structure function location of transitional epithelium
s - multiple layers of cells, shape depends on stretching f - can stretch and return to original shape l - lining urinary system organs
37
visually describe transitional epithelium
in its relaxed state has connective tissue looks like cauliflower or broccoli (scalloped) basement membrane
38
what type of epithelium is found in mucosa of nasal cavity and lung bronchi and trachea
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
39
what type of epithelium is found in mucosa of mouth and esophagus lining
stratified squamous
40
what type of epithelium is found stomach to anus
simple columnar
41
describe connective tissue (gen)
ECM - extracellular matrix, fibers ground tissue cells ex - jello with fruit pieces in it
42
name the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue
collagenous elastic reticular
43
describe collagenous fibers
made of collagen don’t tear easy
44
describe elastic fibers
made of elastin have rubbery quality
45
describe reticular fibers
composed of collagen (type 3) very thin and branched
46
describe gen characteristics of connective tissues (structure, function, location)
l - everywhere f - protective, binds tissues together, support, energy storage, transporting substances s - cells surrounded by ecm
47
describe two components of ecm
1 - ground substance (liquid, jelly like or solid) 2 - fibers, form a web (collagenous, elastic, reticular)
48
how many types of connective tissue are there
6
49
list types of connective tissue from hardest to softest
bone (mineralized) cartilage dense connective tissue loose connective tissue (areolar) adipose tissue blood (and lymph) --- dense and loose - connective tissue proper (contain fibroblasts)
50
what is the function of bone (osseous tissue)
support and protection
51
describe ecm of bone
hydroxyapatite (ca5(po4)3(oh)) - calcium and phosphorus, makes bone hard collagen fibers - make bone flexible
52
describe cells of bone
osteoblasts - make collagen for ecm osteocytes - maintain bone, sit in cavities called lacunae
53
why are bones hard and not brittle
combo of hydroxyapatite and collagen make bone hard but not brittle
54
visually describe bone
osteons lacunae (osteocytes) central canal - blood vessels and nerves
55
what does compact bone tissue consist of
repeating units called osteons (concentric layers of matrix that surround a central canal containing blood vessels)
56
what’s the function of cartilage
strong and flexible support material
57
describe ecm of cartilage
chondroitin sulphate - combined with 80% water, rubbery strong matrix collagen fibers - gives flexibility
58
describe cells of cartilage
chondrocytes - make collagen for ecm, sit in cavities called lacunae
59
where to find cartilage in body
anywhere where flexibility is needed ribcage - sternum
60
name the 3 subtypes of cartilage
hyaline elastic fibrocartilage
61
describe hyaline cartilage
most abundant rib cage larynx fetal skeleton epiphyseal plates trachea
62
describe elastic cartilage
ear and epiglottis more elastic due to elastic fibers
63
describe fibrocartilage
absorbs shock highly compressible intervertebral discs
64
what’s the function of dense (fibrous) connective tissue
attachment (bone to bone) strengthen skin
65
describe ecm of dense connective tissue
collagen fibers - closely packed to provide strength and structure
66
describe cells of dense connective tissue
fibroblasts - make collagen for ecm
67
visually describe dense connective tissue
collagen fibers nuclei darker kinda looks like a wave or ocean
68
locations of dense connective tissues
tendons ligaments dermis of skin
69
what’s the function of areolar (loose) connective tissue
packing material that glues together organs and soaks up extra fluid (edema)
70
explain why things swell
areolar connective tissue soaks up water/fluid immune system tried to help (fluid)
71
describe ecm of areolar connective tissue
collagen fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers
72
describe cells of areolar connective tissue
fibroblasts - make collagen for ecm macrophages - white blood cells that phagocytize dead cells and bacteria
73
where to find areolar connective tissue in the body
EVERYWHERE
74
visually describe loose connective tissue
elastic fibers look like hair fibroblast nuclei visible collagen fibers - darker thicker lines
75
describe function of adipose (fat) tissue
padding and insulating organs and fuel storage
76
describe ecm of adipose tissue
collagen fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers
77
describe cells of adipose tissue
adipocytes - contains a large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses fat or fuel
78
where to find adipose tissue in body
EVERYWHERE surrounding organs subcutaneously abdominal fat
79
visually describe adipose tissue
looks like eyeballs or bubbles fat droplets capillary - width of single blood cell
80
what is the function of blood
transport of substances throughout the body
81
describe ecm of blood
plasma - water with dissolved salts and proteins
82
describe cells of blood
erythrocytes - rbc - contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen leukocytes - wbc - function in the immune system platelets - cell fragments - function in blood clotting
83
where to find blood in body
in blood vessels everywhere
84
visually describe blood
white blood cells look brighter - different red blood cells look the same - red and round ish
85
what is muscle tissue composed of
long cells called muscle fibers capable of contracting (shortening) to produce movement
86
what do muscle cells contain
elongated contractile threads called myofibrils - made of actin and myosin
87
what do muscle cells account for
most of the body’s energy consumption
88
name the 3 types of muscle cells
skeletal (voluntary) smooth (involuntary) cardiac (involuntary)
89
describe skeletal muscle
attached to skeleton (produces body movements and face expressions) striated, multinuclear cells with long cylindrical shape
90
describe cardiac muscle
forms contractile wall of heart striated, branches, cells with single nucleus cells connected by intercalated discs (contain gap junctions) which relay signals between cells during a heartbeat
91
describe smooth muscle
found in walls of hollow organs (digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries…) NOT STRIATED, spindle shaped cells with single nucleus contacts more slowly than skeletal muscles - but remains contracted for longer time
92
describe nervous tissue
senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of animal to another composed of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia
93
describe neurons
functional unit of nervous tissue cell body and processes (dendrites and axons)
94
describe dendrites
transmit nerve impulses towards the cell body
95
describe axons
transmit nerve impulses away from cell body towards another neuron or an effector (muscle cell)
96
location of nervous tissue
brain spinal cord nerves

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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