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Human Physiology > lecture 9: endocrine system > Flashcards

lecture 9: endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what are hormones

A

chemicals that are released into the blood stream
travel to specific target cells

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2
Q

where are hormones released from

A

endocrine glands
endocrine cells

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3
Q

what are exocrine glands

A

excrete things outside the body
like sweat glands

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4
Q

which other system is endocrine system closely related to

A

nervous system
both systems coordinate and direct activity of body’s cells

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5
Q

what is the main difference between nervous system and endocrine system

A

communication
nervous system is way faster than endocrine system

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6
Q

most hormones are regulated by what

A

negative feedback
regulates hormone levels (turn off own production)
allows body to maintain homeostasis

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7
Q

describe the pathway of regulation of pH

A

low pH in duodenum
S cells of duodenum secrete secretin
target = pancreas = releases bicarbonate
increases pH
secretin release stops

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8
Q

a few hormones are regulated by what

A

positive feedback

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9
Q

explain example of positive feedback suckling

A

oxytocin stimulates contraction of smooth muscles in breasts to release milk
suckling = more oxytocin = more milk =
more suckling

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10
Q

what does oxytocin do (childbirth)

A

stimulates contractions during childbirth

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11
Q

where is oxytocin produced and stored

A

produced in hypothalamus
stored in posterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of hormones and their subdivisions

A

water soluble: polypeptides and amines
lipid soluble: steroids and amines

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13
Q

name all water soluble hormones (9)

A

(polypeptides)
insulin
growth hormone
oxytocin
PTH
calcitonin
thymosin

(amines)
epinephrine
norepinephrine
melatonin

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14
Q

name all lipid soluble hormones (5)

A

(steroids)
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
corticosteroids

(amines)
thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

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15
Q

which type of hormone binds to an extra cellular receptor

A

water soluble
lipid soluble binds to intra cellular receptor because it can cross the barrier

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16
Q

describe intracellular receptors

A

lipid soluble hormones can cross plasma membrane and bind to receptors
often act as transcription factors

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17
Q

describe extracellular receptors

A

water soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane and must bind to
receptors on plasma membrane
binding to receptor will initiate intracellular pathways (enzyme activation, gene expression)

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18
Q

why do hormones act at a specific location and not everywhere in body (since they are released into blood stream)

A

target cells have the specific receptor for the hormone

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19
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

neuroendocrine tissue
connects endocrine and nervous system

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20
Q

what do neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus produce

A

oxytocin
ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
hormones that regulate release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland

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21
Q

what is the posterior pituitary

A

continuous with hypothalamus
stores and secretes hormones produced by hypothalamus

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22
Q

name the 2 hormone secreted from posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and ADH

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23
Q

describe oxytocin (posterior pituitary)

A

stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary glands
secretion is regulated by nervous system

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24
Q

describe ADH (posterior pituitary)

A

promotes water retention (acts on collecting ducts of kidneys)
secretion regulated by hypothalamus in response to blood osmolarity

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25
describe anterior pituitary
hypothalamus produced hormones that regulate anterior pituitary anterior pituitary produces many hormones
26
name and describe the hormones hypothalamus produces to regulate anterior pituitary
releasing hormones = stimulates release of hormones from anterior pituitary inhibiting hormones = inhibits release of hormones from anterior pituitary
27
how does hypothalamus regulate anterior pituitary (pathway)
secretes the hormones (releasing/inhibiting) into blood and acts on anterior pituitary
28
name all 8 hormones secreted by anterior pituitary
growth hormone (GH) prolactin (PRL) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin, TSH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) endorphins
29
describe target and effect of growth hormone (GH)
target = liver, bones and other tissues effect = stimulates growth and metabolism
30
describe abnormalities of growth hormone (GH) - 3 conditions
gigantism = excessive GH during development acromegaly = excessive GH during adulthood hypopituitary dwarfism = childhood GH deficiency
31
describe target and effect of prolactin (PRL)
target = mammary glands effect = stimulates milk production and secretion
32
describe target and effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
target = ovaries and testes effect = stimulates production of sperm and ova (follicle maturation)
33
describe target and effect of luteinizing hormone (LH)
target = ovaries and testes effect = ovaries - triggers ovulation and release of estrogen/progesterone testes - testosterone production
34
describe target and effect of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
target = thyroid gland effect = stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormone
35
describe target and effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
target = adrenal cortex (outer layer of adrenal glands) effect = stimulates production of glucocorticoids (like cortisol)
36
describe target and effect of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
target = melanocytes (skin pigmentation) effect = stimulates production of melanin
37
describe target and effect of endorphins
target = nervous system effect = inhibits pain perception (mimicked by heroin and other opiate drugs)
38
what are tropic hormones
have other endocrine tissues as their target
39
give 2 examples of tropic hormones
hypothalamic releasing hormones anterior pituitary hormones
40
which anterior pituitary hormones are tropic
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
41
generally describe the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-endocrine organ axis
external conditions —> hypothalamus —> releasing hormone —> anterior pituitary —> tropic hormone —> endocrine gland —> hormone (the hormones released inhibit the cycle, negative feedback mechanism)
42
describe pathway (basic) using TRH (hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-endocrine organ axis)
thyroid releasing hormone —> TSH —> thyroid gland —> thyroid hormone (T3/T4)
43
describe pathway (basic) using corticotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-endocrine organ axis)
corticotropin releasing hormone —> ACTH —> adrenal cortex —> glucocorticoids
44
describe pathway (basic) using gonadotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-endocrine organ axis)
gonadotropin releasing hormone —> LH & FSH —> gonads —> sex hormones
45
what does TSH do (thyroid gland)
stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone (TH)
46
what does thyroid hormone consist of
2 iodine containing amine hormone triiodothyronine (T3) thyroxine (T4)
47
what does thyroid hormone regulate
metabolic processes
48
how is the level of thyroid hormone in blood regulated (and explain)
by negative feedback TH inhibits release of TSH from anterior pituitary and release of TRH from hypothalamus
49
name 2 thyroid disorders
hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism
50
describe hyperthyroidism
excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
51
describe hypothyroidism
insufficient production of thyroid hormone symptom = goiter (associated with iodine deficiency)
52
why does hypothyroidism cause goiter
no negative feedback occurs thyroid gland is overstimulated by TSH
53
what is a goiter
enlargement of thyroid gland
54
what are the parathyroid glands
4 small glands on back of thyroid gland
55
what do parathyroid glands do
release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
56
describe parathyroid hormone (PTH)
peptide hormone raises Ca2+ (calcium) levels in blood
57
how does parathyroid hormone raise calcium levels
by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone kidneys to reabsorb calcium and activate vitamin D (helps absorption of calcium in intestines)
58
what does thyroid gland do
releases calcitonin
59
what is calcitonin
peptide hormone lowers calcium levels in blood by promoting uptake of calcium by bones
60
what regulates blood calcium levels
calcitonin and PTH
61
describe the relationship between calcitonin and PTH
antagonistic hormones they have opposing effects
62
when would calcitonin be released
when calcium levels are high
63
when would PTH be released
when calcium levels are low
64
describe pineal gland
small mass of tissue near center of mammalian brain
65
what does pineal gland secrete
melatonin
66
what is the secretion of melatonin regulated by
light/dark cycles via the SCN
67
describe regulation of blood sugar by insulin (where is it secreted by and function and when it’s released)
secreted by beta cells (pancreas) lowers blood sugar levels by stimulating cells to take up glucose released in response to high blood sugar
68
describe regulation of blood sugar by glucagon (where is it secreted by and function and when it’s released)
secreted by alpha cells (pancreas) raises blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscles released in response to low blood sugar
69
what are some symptoms of diabetes mellitus
frequent urination excess thirst excess hunger ketones in urine
70
name and briefly describe the types of diabetes mellitus
type 1 = insulin dependent diabetes type 2 = non insulin dependent diabetes
71
describe type 1 diabetes mellitus
autoimmune disorder beta cells destroyed
72
describe type 2 diabetes mellitus
target cells have decreased sensitivity to insulin
73
what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus
insulin injection
74
what is the treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus
medication lifestyle and diet changes
75
describe thymus gland
produces a peptide hormone called thymosin
76
what does thymosin do
stimulates development of T lymphocytes
77
what is erythrocyte production regulated by
the hormone erythropoietin
78
what is erythropoietin
produced in kidneys in response to low O2 levels in tissues (hypoxia) to stimulate production of RBCs (erythropoiesis)
79
what is melatonin
amine hormone affects biological rhythms like sleep, appetite, body temp
80
what is released from adrenal medulla
catecholamines (norepinephrine/epinephrine)
81
what is the secretion of catecholamines regulated by
nervous system
82
what are the effects of catecholamines
raises blood glucose levels (breakdown of glucose) sympathetic effects (increase HR, divert blood into skeletal muscle/skin from digestive system, dilates pupils, etc)
83
what is released from adrenal cortex (3)
glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone) mineral corticoids (ex=aldosterone) sex hormones (androgens)
84
name the corticosteroids (released from adrenal cortex)
glucocorticoids mineralcorticoids
85
what is the secretion of glucocorticoids regulated by
ACTH
86
what is the secretion of mineralcorticoids regulated by
angiotensin II
87
what are the effects of glucocorticoids
raises blood glucose levels (gluconeogensis) reduces inflammation
88
what is gluconeogensis
synthesis of glucose from fats and proteins
89
what are the effects of mineralcorticoids
regulates salt water balance in body (reabsorption of Na* and secretion of K+ in the kidneys)
90
what does the adrenal gland regulate
stress
91
describe how adrenal medulla regulates stress
short term stress response stressful stimuli causes hypothalamus to activate sympathetic nervous system epinephrine/norepinephrine
92
describe how adrenal cortex regulates stress
long term stress response stressful stimuli causes hypothalamus to secrete releasing hormone that stimulants release of ACTH from anterior pituitary corticosteroids
93
what are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in regulation of stress
glycogen broken down to glucose = increased blood glucose increased blood pressure increased breathing rate increased metabolic rate changes in blood flow patterns = leads to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory and reproductive system activity
94
what are the effects of mineralcorticoids in regulation of stress
retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys increased blood volume and blood pressure
95
what are the effects of glucocorticoids in regulation of stress
proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose = increased blood glucose partial suppression of immune system

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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