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Human Physiology > lecture 11: senses > Flashcards

lecture 11: senses Flashcards

1
Q

how many steps are there for sensations

A

2

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2
Q

describe step 1 of sensations

A

sensory receptors detect and transduce different forms of energy into nerve impulses
nerve impulses travel to different regions of the brain along sensory neurons

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3
Q

describe step 2 of sensations

A

perception = awareness and interpretation of sensation

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4
Q

name all types of sensory receptors (5)

A

mechanoreceptors
nocioreceptors
thermoreceptors
chemoreceptors
photoreceptors

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5
Q

what do mechanoreceptors do

A

respond to mechanical energy

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6
Q

how are sensory receptors characterized

A

by the type of energy they transduce

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7
Q

describe mechanoreceptors (specifics)

A

muscle spindles that respond to stretching
hair cells in inner ear detect motion

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8
Q

what do nocioreceptors do

A

respond to different types of pain

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9
Q

what do thermoreceptors do

A

respond to heat and cold

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10
Q

what do chemoreceptors do

A

respond to chemical stimuli

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11
Q

what do photoreceptors do

A

respond to radiation (visible light)

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12
Q

describe nocioreceptors (specifics)

A

prostaglandins increase pain by decreasing a pain’s receptor threshold
making an action potential more likely

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13
Q

how to anti inflammatories like advil work to reduce pain

A

block prostaglandins

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14
Q

name types of chemoreceptors

A

specific
general

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15
Q

describe general chemoreceptors

A

respond to total solute concentration
ex = osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

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16
Q

describe specific chemoreceptors

A

respond to specific types of molecules

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17
Q

name the types of specific chemoreceptors and describe

A

internal chemoreceptors = glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, amino acids, etc
external chemoreceptors = gustatory and olfactory receptors

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18
Q

where do sensory receptors send the information

A

central nervous system

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19
Q

sensory receptors can be

A

part of sensory neuron
ORRRR
a sensory receptor cell that transmits message to a sensory neuron

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20
Q

describe seeing (3 statements)

A

humans have single lens eye
70% of body’s sensory receptors in eye
almost half of cerebral cortex involved in visual processing

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21
Q

name all parts of the eye

A

sclera
conjunctiva
cornea
choroid
iris
ciliary body
pupil
aqueous humour
vitreous humour

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22
Q

what is glaucoma

A

any increase in pressure on optic nerve
ex = increased amount of aqueous humour

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23
Q

what do lens, aqueous humour and vitreous humour do

A

work together to focus light into retina

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24
Q

what do ciliary muscles do

A

change the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances

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25
what happens to lens when looking at a distant object
lens flattens
26
what happens to lens when looking at a near object
lens is rounded
27
describe sclera
tough white layer of connective tissue that covers all of eyeball (except cornea)
28
describe function of sclera
protects/shapes eyeball anchors extrinsic eye muscles continuous with dura mater of brain
29
describe conjunctiva
transparent mucous membrane that covers anterior sclera and under eyelid
30
what is function of conjunctiva
lubrication
31
describe cornea
transparent covering in front of eye
32
what is function of cornea
allows passage of light
33
describe choroid
thin pigmented layer lines the interior surface of sclera
34
describe function of choroid
prevents light rays from scattering and distorting image forms the iris (continuation of choroid)
35
describe iris
coloured part of eye "formed" by choroid
36
what is function of iris
controls size of pupil
37
describe ciliary body
smooth muscle bundles continuous with choroid attaches to lens
38
what is function of ciliary body
controls shape of lens
39
describe pupil
central opening
40
what is function of pupil
regulates amount of light entering eye
41
what do lens and ciliary body do
separate eye into 2 cavities
42
name the 2 cavities eye is separated into
anterior cavity posterior cavity
43
describe anterior cavity of eye
filled with aqueous humour (produced by ciliary body)
44
describe posterior cavity of eye
filled with vitreous humour
45
why does hot food smell more
a hot thing has more volatile molecules to bind to receptors in nose
46
describe the retina
contains photoreceptors - rods and cones
47
what is the blindspot
on retina optic disc where optic nerve attaches
48
describe rods
light sensitive cells do not distinguish colour allow us to see at night but only in black and white
49
describe cones
not as light sensitive as rods sensitive to colour highly concentrated on fovea
50
TRUE OR FALSE: there are more rod cells than cone cells
TRUE
51
what types of photoreceptors are on the fovea
only cone cells area of retina without rod cells
52
describe visual pathway
retina --> optic nerves --> optic chiasm (crossing of nerves) --> optic tracts --> thalamus --> primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
53
name the general parts of the ear
outer ear middle ear inner ear
54
describe outer ear
external pinna and auditory canal
55
describe function of outer ear
collects sound waves and channels them to tympanic membrane
56
describe middle ear
3 bones malleus, incus, stapes
57
describe pathway of middle ear
tympanic membrane --> malleus --> incus --> stapes --> oval window --> inner ear
58
describe inner ear
contains cochlea - houses within the temporal bone of skull
59
what does the cochlea do
converts sound waves into action potentials that travel along the auditory nerve
60
describe cochlear duct
organ of corti rests on basilar membrane tectorial membrane rests on the hair cells of the organ of corti
61
describe pathway of cochlear duct
vibrations are transmitted to the cochlear fuid from the middle ear via the oval window --> basilar membrane vibrates --> hair cells brush against tectorial membrane --> action potential in sensory neuron
62
describe pathway of hearing
cochlea --> auditory nerve --> medulla oblongata --> thalamus --> primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
63
name the 2 parts of equilibrium in inner ear
vestibule 2 semicircular canals
64
describe vestibule
contains utricle and saccule tells you which way is up and if you are accelerating
65
describe the 3 semicircular canals
detect head rotation
66
how many steps to the mechanism of inner ear equilibrium
3
67
describe step 1 of mechanism for equilibrium
hair cells project into a gelatinous material
68
describe step 2 of mechanism for equilibrium
change in head position causes hairs to bend
69
describe step 3 of mechanism for equilibrium
bending hairs causes an action potential to be generated in a sensory neuron
70
what do utricle/saccule also contain (mechanism for equilibrium step 1)
otoliths (tiny CaCO3 stones) that respond to gravitational force
71
TRUE OR FALSE: perceptions of taste and smell are not interrelated
FALSE they are interrelated - affect each other
72
where are taste receptors located
taste buds on the surface of the tongue
73
describe characteristics of taste receptors
each one responds to a wide array of chemicals pattern of taste receptor response determines what flavour is perceived
74
taste buds in all regions of the tongue contain
sensory receptors for the five taste types
75
name the 5 types of taste
sweet salty bitter umami sour
76
is there a sixth taste
long chain fatty acids from lipids ?
77
explain the sweet taste
sugars saccharin alcohol some amino acids some lead salts miraculin
78
explain the salty taste
metal ions like NaCl
79
explain the sour taste
hydrogen ions in solution
80
explain the bitter taste
alkaloids like quinine, nicotine, caffeine
81
explain the umami taste
amino acid glutamate and aspartate (msg = monosodium glutamate)
82
how does taste work
binding of tastant depolarizes cell membrane of gustatory receptor cells casing the release of a neurotransmitter neurotransmitter binds to dendrites of sensory neuron, initiating a nerve impulse (travels along sensory neuron to CNS)
83
what do different gustatory receptor cells have
different thresholds for activation ex = bitter receptors are more sensitive but adapt quickly ~3-5 seconds (evolutionary process - bitter things usually are poison or toxic, sweet = safe)
84
describe taste pathway
taste bud --> cranial nerves --> medulla --> thalamus --> gustatory cortex (insular lobe and frontal lobe)
85
what is a tastant
food chemical
86
what is olfaction
smell
87
what do olfactory receptor neurons do
line upper potion of nasal cavity and act as chemoreceptor
88
what to odorant molecules bind to
olfactory receptors in membrane of olfactory neurone initiates action potential
89
what do olfactory receptor neurons synapse with
neurons in olfactory bulbs
90
what does each olfactory neuron have
one type of receptor that binds to one type of molecule
91
describe smell pathway
olfactory receptor --> olfactory bulb --> olfactory tract --> olfactory cortex (temporal lobe)

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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