Lab 10

Question 1

How does placement of right and
left kidney differ?

Answer 1

• Right kidney is lower and
  more lateral than the left
• Crowded by the liver

Question 2

RENAL CAPSULE

Answer 2

1.Peri-renal Fat
* Cushion/shock absorption
2.Fibrous Connective
Tissue Covering
* Protection

Question 3

on the concave medial surface of the kidney
* Site where ureter, nerves, blood and lymphatic
vessels enter and exit the kidney

Answer 3

renal hilum

Question 4

the two parts of the nephron

Answer 4

glomerulus and renal tubule

Question 5

what part of the kidney houses 85% of all nephrons?

Answer 5

the cortex (cortical nephrons)

• Associated with following capillary beds:
  o Glomerulus
  o Peritubular capillaries

Question 6

where are peritubular capillaries located?

Answer 6

in the cortex of the kidneys (cortical nephrons)

Question 7

JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS

Answer 7

• Long loops of Henle
  o Deeply invade the medulla
• Important in the production of
  concentrated urine
• Associated with following capillary beds:
  o Glomerulus
  o Vasa Recta

Question 8

where is the vasa recta located?

Answer 8

medulla of the kidneys (juxtamedullary nephrons)

Question 9

filtrate

Answer 9

Components of blood entering the renal tubule (Urine composition: <1% of total filtrate)

Question 10

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

Answer 10

• Passive mechanical process
  whereby molecules <5 nm are
  permitted into the tubule

Question 11

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

Answer 11

• Returns all glucose and amino
  acids, 99% of water, salt, and
  other components to the blood

Question 12

TUBULAR SECRETION

Answer 12

• Selective addition of nonfiltered substances into urine

Question 13

Main driving force for
filtration is ____

Answer 13

blood pressure

Question 14

GFR

Answer 14

glomerulular filtration rate. * Volume of filtrate formed
per min

Question 15

where does most tubular reabsorption occur?

Answer 15

the proximal convoluted tubule.

• Components absorbed include:
  1. Organic solutes
  o Nutrients (glucose, amino acids)
  o Small proteins
  o Phosphate
  o Nitrogenous compounds (urea)
  2. Inorganic solutes
  o Ions (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+,HCO3-)
  3. Water

Question 16

where does tubular secretion mostly occur?

Answer 16

• Occurs mainly at proximal convoluted tubule
  o Parts of distal convoluted tubule and
  collecting ducts also involved
• Solutes from peritubular capillaries or tubule cells are
  moved to the filtrate
  o Inorganic solutes (K+, H+, NH4+)
  o Organic solutes (urea, creatinine)
  o Drug metabolites/toxins

Question 17

what kind of epithelium line proximal and
distal convoluted tubules?

Answer 17

simple cuboidal

Question 18

Renal corpuscles

Answer 18

(glomerulus with bowman’s capsule)
* Cluster of capillaries
surrounded by a
Bowman’s capsule
* Capillaries are surrounded
by podocytes (dark nuclei)
* Filtrate enters Bowman’s space
and is funneled into proximal
tubule at the urinary pole

Question 19

histological features of ureter:

Answer 19

-star-shaped lumen
-3 layers (adventitia, muscularis, lamina propria)
-mucosa lined by transitional epithelium

Question 20

what are the three layers of the ureter from superficial to deep?

Answer 20

adventitia, muscularis, lamina propria

Question 21

histological features of the bladder:

Answer 21

• Mucosa lined by transitional epithelium
• Thick muscularis composed of 3 layers of smooth muscle (Detrusor muscle)
• Outer layer is a connective
  tissue adventitia

Question 22

epithelia of ureter lumen

Answer 22

transitional

Question 23

epithelia of bladder lumen

Answer 23

transitional

Question 24

epithelia of urethra lumen

Answer 24

transitional near bladder, then mostly pseudostratified columnar, then stratified squamous near external urethral orifice

Question 25

histological features of the urethra:

Answer 25

* Branching lumen * Mucosa lined by variable epithelia: o Transitional epithelium near bladder o Mostly pseudostratified columnar epithelium (both males and females) o Stratified squamous epithelium near external urethral orifice * Thick lamina propria supporting the mucosa * Muscularis of smooth muscle * Adventitia of connective tissue

Question 26

the filtration membrane of the glomerulus composition

Answer 26

a fenestrated endothelium, a basement membrane and the foot processes of enveloping podocytes

Question 27

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Answer 27

Reabsorb 60 -70% of filtrate * Water * Inorganic solutes/ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-) * Organic solutes * Vitamins * Urea * Amino acids * Lipid-soluble substrates

Question 28

Loop of Henle (Nephron Loop)

Answer 28

● Descending limb: water ● Ascending limb: inorganic solutes (mostly Na+ and Cl-)

Question 29

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Answer 29

Under hormonal control * Water * Inorganic solutes (Na+ and Ca2+)

Question 30

Collecting Duct

Answer 30

Under hormonal control * Water * Inorganic solutes (mostly K+) * Organic solutes * H+, HCO3-

Question 31

Sites of secretion:

Answer 31

Proximal convoluted tubule ► Distal convoluted tubule ► Collecting duct

Question 32

what does presence of ketones in urine indicate?

Answer 32

(ketonuria) advanced diabetes

Question 33

what does presence of proteins in urine indicate?

Answer 33

(proteinuria) hypertension

Question 34

histological features of renal cortex

Answer 34

-presence of renal corpuscles and renal tubules -renal tubules lines w simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 35

histological features of renal corpuscle

Answer 35

● Outer envelope of simple squamous epithelium called Bowman's (glomerular)capsule ○ Surrounds a Bowman's (glomerular) space ● Cluster of varied cells suspended in Bowman’s space is the glomerulus ○ Endothelial cells of the glomerulus are simple squamous epithelia ○ Endothelial cells are mostly masked by darker staining oval nuclei of mesangial cells and podocytes ● urinary pole of the glomerulus is the site where the capsular space of the renal corpuscle gives rise to the proximal tubule

Question 36

histological features of the renal medulla

Answer 36

Collection of renal tubules in the absence of renal corpuscles (glomeruli) ● Loops of Henle and collecting ducts ● Renal tubules lined by simple cuboidal or simple squamous ● May appear round, oval or elongated in shape depending on sectional plane

Question 37

histological features of the ureter

Answer 37

● Star-shaped lumen ● Mucosa (inner most layer) lined by transitional epithelium ○ Epithelium sits atop a sparse and paler staining lamina propria of areolar connective tissue ● Muscularis (middle layer) of smooth muscle ● Adventitia (outer layer) of pale -staining connective tissue ○ Interspersed fat, blood vessels, and nerves

Question 38

histological features of the bladder

Answer 38

Mucosa lined by transitional epithelium ○ Epithelium sits atop a thick and paler staining lamina propria of areolar connective tissue ● Thick muscularis composed of smooth muscle ○ Called the detrusor muscle

Question 39

histological features of the urethra

Answer 39

● Branching lumen ● Mucosa lined by a variety of epithelia depending on the distance from the bladder: ○ Transitional epithelia close to the bladder ( proximal urethra) ○ Pseudostratified columnar at the midpoint ○ Stratified squamous near the urethral orifice ● Three mucosa layers ○ Epithelia sits atop a thick, lighter staining lamina propria of areolar connective tissue ○ Muscularis (middle layer) of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle ○ Adventitia (outer layer) of pale-staining connective tissue Interspersed fat, blood vessels, and nerves

Question 40

histological features of the kidney

Answer 40

Bean-shaped, two variable staining regions, pale-staining capsule