Lab 8

Question 1

• Fluid component of blood
• Mostly water
• Contains proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, gases,
  hormones and nitrogenous waste products

Answer 1

plasma

Question 2

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Platelets

Answer 2

Formed elements

Question 3

histological feature of erythrocytes

Answer 3

• Anucleated (essentially no organelles)
• Stain deep pink, owing to protein hemoglobin (Hb)
• “Central pallor,” owing to biconcave disc shape

Question 4

cells dedicated to respiratory
gas transport

Answer 4

erythrocytes (RBCs)

Question 5

leukocytes (breakdown)

Answer 5

white blood cells:

granulocytes:
-neutrophils (50-70%)
-eosinophils (2-4%)
-basophils (less than 1%)

agranulocytes:
-lymphocytes (20-30%)
-monocytes (2-8%)

Question 6

• Most common leukocyte
• Multi-lobed nucleus
• Phagocytic
  *­ increases with bacterial infections

Answer 6

neutrophils

Question 7

• Red granules
• Bi-lobed nucleus
• Phagocytic
• increases with­ parasitic infections

Answer 7

eosinophils

Question 8

• Least common
• Purple granules mask nucleus
• ­increases with inflammation

Answer 8

basophil

Question 9

histological features of neutrophils

Answer 9

-multi-lobed nucleus
-presence of light-staining granules

Question 10

histological features of eosinophils

Answer 10

-bi-lobed nucleus
-presence of red-staining granules

Question 11

histological features of basophils

Answer 11

-purple-staining granules that obscure the nucleus

Question 12

• 2nd most common leukocyte
• Large spherical nucleus
• Thin rim of cytoplasm
• ­increases with viral infections

Answer 12

lymphocytes

Question 13

histological features of lymphocytes

Answer 13

-absence of granules
-large, spherical nucleus that takes up most of the cell

Question 14

• Largest WBC
• U- or kidney-shaped nucleus
• Phagocytic
• Become macrophages

Answer 14

monocytes

Question 15

histological features of monocytes

Answer 15

-large cell
-lacks granules
-large kidney-shaped nucleus

Question 16

layers of the artery/vein walls and what they’re composed of (from lumen to outside):

Answer 16

-tunica intima: epithelial tissue (endothelium)
-tunica media: smooth muscle
-tunica externa: dense irregular connective tissue

Question 17

What type of pressure does a blood pressure test estimate?

Answer 17

arterial pressure

Question 18

Maximum pressure exerted during heart contraction:

Answer 18

systolic pressure

Question 19

Lowest pressure exerted during heart relaxation:

Answer 19

diastolic pressure

Question 20

normal blood pressure reading

Answer 20

120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic)

Question 21

mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) formula…
and normal MAP measurement

Answer 21

diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic – diastolic pressure)
normal: 70-110 mmHg

Question 22

hypertension blood pressure reading

Answer 22

consistently equal to or over 140/90 mmHg

Question 23

hypotension blood pressure reading

Answer 23

Systolic BP < 90 mmHg or
diastolic BP < 60 mmHg

(only if symptomatic)

Question 24

symptoms of hypotension

Answer 24

• Cause dizziness and fainting
• Oxygen and nutrient deprivation
  lead to shock
  -organs become ischemic

Question 25

the serious complication caused by incompatibility following a blood transfusion

Answer 25

Acute Immune Hemolytic Reaction: Clumping of RBCs occurs rapidly b/c recipient’s serum is primed w/ pre-formed anti-bodies

Question 26

symptoms and consequences of acute immune hemolytic reaction

Answer 26

*Results in clogging of small vessels * RBCs later rupture releasing free Hb into bloodstream * Ultimately renal injury/failure due by pigment nephropathy *Symptoms include: * Fever/Chills * Chest pain * Erratic heart rate * Shortness of breath * Hypotension

Question 27

describe the tunica intima of an artery

Answer 27

-simple squamous epithelia on top of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue -may appear as crenulated (tight) waves

Question 28

describe the tunica media of an artery

Answer 28

Thick layer of smooth muscles with interspersed elastic fibers (wave-like)

Question 29

describe the Tunica Externa (Adventitia) of an artery

Answer 29

relatively thin layer of connective tissue (mostly collagen fibers with elastic fibers)

Question 30

function of arteries

Answer 30

return blood away from the heart

Question 31

function of veins

Answer 31

carry blood to the heart

Question 32

describe the tunica media of a vein

Answer 32

thinner compared to companion arteries

Question 33

describe the tunica externa (adventitia) of a vein

Answer 33

may be thicker than the tunica media

Question 34

function of a neutrophil

Answer 34

Phagocytosis of foreign cells, toxins, and viruses ○ Example: A bacterial infection stimulates the bone marrow to make more neutrophils

Question 35

function of an eosinophil

Answer 35

Participate in allergic reactions and digest parasites

Question 36

function of a basophil

Answer 36

Granules contain histamine and heparin. ○ Histamine → promotes vasodilation and enhances inflammation ○ Heparin → promotes anticoagulation

Question 37

histamine function

Answer 37

promotes vasodilation and enhances inflammation (in basophil granules)

Question 38

heparin function

Answer 38

promotes anticoagulation (in basophil granules)

Question 39

function of a lymphocyte

Answer 39

(B cells): Produce antibodies to mount immune response against infected cells ○ Well adapted for fighting a viral infection

Question 40

function of a monocyte

Answer 40

Leave the bloodstream to become resident macrophages in tissue; Phagocytosis of debris, microbes and other foreign substances

Question 41

● Tiny cell fragments scattered amongst RBC ● Contain no nucleus ● Function: Participate in proper blood clotting

Answer 41

platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 42

function of thrombocytes

Answer 42

(platelets). Participate in proper blood clotting

Question 43

leukocyte population most to least

Answer 43

never let monkeys eat bananas. neutrophil, leukocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil.

Question 44

agglutination

Answer 44

clumping together of red blood cells from anti-that blood antibodies

Question 45

hemolysis

Answer 45

the destruction of RBCs from immune system attacking foreign blood

Question 46

symptoms: nausea, fever, chills, chest and lower back pain and dark urine

Answer 46

acute immune hemolytic reaction

Question 47

the force per unit area exerted on the vessel wall by the contained blood. expressed in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

Answer 47

blood pressure

Question 48

provides the driving force for flow of blood from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure throughout our bodies

Answer 48

the pressure gradient

Question 49

Where does the steepest drop in blood pressure occur? why?

Answer 49

arterioles. * As blood enters the arterioles it encounters significant opposition to flow. * A large increase in the cross-sectional area of the vasculature occurs at the arterioles as blood is shunted to an increasing number of blood vessels. * This increased ratio of surface area to volume results in a lowering of blood pressure

Question 50

What is the blood pressure at the level of the capillaries?

Answer 50

Blood pressure at the capillaries is relatively low (35 to 15 mm Hg). This low-pressure environment is desirable because capillary walls are fragile (i.e. only simple squamous epithelium) and high pressure could cause rupture and compromise the perfusion of our tissues. * If pressure was lower, there would be no gradient for flow

Question 51

As the heart beats and expels blood into the aorta, the pressure gradient in the aorta reaches its peak and this is called:

Answer 51

systolic pressure

Question 52

As the heart fills in between beats and blood moves from the aorta (an area of high pressure) to the distal arteries and arterioles (areas of lower pressure), pressure in the aorta decreases to its lowest level which is called the:

Answer 52

diastolic pressure

Question 53

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Answer 53

MAP is the overall pressure that propels blood to all tissues of the body.

Question 54

Korotkoff sounds

Answer 54

They represent the sound of a small amount of blood rushing through the partly occluded vessel (turbulent blood flow). The pressure at which the first sound occurs is an individual’s systolic pressure.