Lab 9 Flashcards by Daria Bennett

what parts of the heart to autorhythmic cells (1%) make up?

SA node, AV node, AV bundle (bundle of His), bundle fibers, purkinje fibers

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Slow heart rhythm name (ECG)

Bradycardia

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Fast heart rhythm name (ECG)

Tachycardia

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Uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions name (ECG)

Heart block

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rapid, irregular out-of-phase contractions;
useless for pumping blood…name (ECG)

fibrillation

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pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing) (pulmonary system)

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External respiration

O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and blood (pulmonary system)

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gas transport

O2 and CO2 in the blood (circulatory system)

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internal respiration

O2 and CO2 exchange between blood vessels and tissues (circulatory system)

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hilum

Indentation in the lung where the bronchi,
vessels and nerves enter/ leave

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conducting zone

Conduits to gas exchange sites
…Includes all upper and most lower respiratory tract
structures

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respiratory zone

Site of gas exchange
…Includes microscopic structures
such as respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts and alveoli

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primary muscles of inhalation

external intercostal muscles and diaphragm

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Spirometer

used to measure respiratory
volumes and capacities

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FEV1

Forced Expiratory Volume
in one second: an
important clinical indicator (should be 80% of FVC (forced vital capacity) in the first second)

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FEV1= less than 80%:

obstructive pulmonary disease: bronchitis, asthma, emphysema (think wheezing: hard to breathe out all the way)

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FEV1= more than 80%:

restrictive pulmonary disease (lung can’t expand fully and wants to collapse on itself)

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The heart is located in
the _____ of the thoracic cavity

mediastinum

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Two-thirds of the heart lies to the left of the…

midsternal line

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○ Carries oxygen-depleted blood away
from the heart and to the lungs
○ Returns oxygen rich blood back to
the heart

The pulmonary circulation

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○ Carries oxygenated blood away from
the heart to the rest of the body
○ Returns deoxygenated blood back to
the heart

The systemic circulation

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The heart is covered by an outer covering called
the

pericardium

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Pericardium

a double-walled sac
○ Parietal layer
—has both a serous and a
fibrous component.
○ Visceral layer hugs the heart tissue proper
and is known as the epicardium.

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epicardium

visceral layer of the pericardium that hugs the heart tissue proper

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What is the function of the pericardium?

The pericardium secretes serous fluid. The serous fluid reduces friction as the heart beats within the pericardial cavity.

The coronary circulation

supplies the heart tissue with blood.

What vessels comprise the coronary circulation?

Vessels that deliver oxygen rich blood to the myocardium are the coronary arteries. Vessels that remove deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are the cardiac veins.

Vessels that deliver oxygen rich blood to the myocardium are the

coronary arteries.

Vessels that remove deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are the

cardiac veins.

From where do the coronary arteries receive oxygenated blood?

The major arteries of the coronary circulation arise directly from the aorta

Where does the deoxygenated blood go after passing through the capillary beds of the myocardium?

The deoxygenated blood enters the coronary veins, pools in the coronary sinus then empties into the right atrium.

What are the consequences of coronary artery blockage?

Blockage leads to ischemia (substrate and oxygen deprivation). Prolonged ischemia can significantly damage heart tissue resulting in myocardial infarction (heart attack). The damage caused by the infarction is not reversible due to the poor regenerative capacity of cardiac muscle tissue.

substrate and oxygen deprivation to the hard is called

ischemia

Prolonged ischemia can significantly damage heart tissue resulting in

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

What is a disease that promotes the development of plaques within blood vessel walls?

Atherosclerosis results in the build-up of fatty materials within arterial walls that leads to chronic inflammation, thickening and blockage of blood vessels.

Has a large opening along the superior aspect of the heart next to the right auricle (posterior view)

Superior vena cava

Superior vena cava function

Brings deoxygenated blood from the top half of the body to the right atrium

Inferior and slightly left to the superior vena cava (posterior view)

inferior vena cava

Inferior vena cava function

● Drains into the right atrium ● Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lower tissues of the body

Large and most anterior blood vessel visible along the superior aspect of the heart (anterior view)

Pulmonary trunk

pulmonary trunk pathway and function

● Originates at the R ventricle and branches into the L & R pulmonary arteries ● Carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

Next to the left auricle

Pulmonary vein

pulmonary vein pathway and function

● Delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium ● Four pulmonary veins ● Empty into the left atrium

Arising at the center of the superior aspect of the heart (anterior view)

aorta

aorta pathway and function

Largest of the blood vessels ● Originates at the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body ● Has three major branches

What are the major arteries that emerge at the aortic arch?

The main branches of the aorta are the: -brachiocephalic artery -left common carotid artery -and left subclavian artery

● Portion of ventricular myocardium ● Separate left and right ventricle

interventricular septum

Atrioventricular (AV) valves function, and name them

Separate the atria from the ventricles. Have cusps - flaps to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle to atrium. Mitral/bicuspid valve (left) and tricuspid valve (right)

● Chordae tendineae

● Extend from the cusps of the AV valve ● Anchor them to the ventricle walls via papillary muscles - projections of the ventricular myocardium.

papillary muscles

projections of the ventricular myocardium that anchor the chordae tendineae to the ventricle walls

How does the left AV valve differ structurally from the right AV valve?

The left AV valve has two cusps (called the bicuspid or mitral valve) ● The right AV valve has three cusps (called the tricuspid valve) (LAB RAT)

pulmonary valve function

(semilunar) prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk.

do semilunar valves have chordae tenineae? what are their names?

no! aortic valve and pulmonary valve

What are the two layers of the parietal pericardium?

Fibrous and serous pericardium

What is the most anterior great vessel? What is its function?

Pulmonary artery/pulmonary trunk; carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

To what circuit does each ventricle correspond?

Right ventricle: pulmonary circulation; left ventricle: systemic circulation

What is the structural difference between AV and semilunar valves?

Semilunar valves lack chordae tendineae (rather, have pocket-like cusps)

What are the three main branches of the aorta?

Brachiocephalic artery; L common carotid artery; L subclavian artery

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall, from superficial to deep?

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

functional syncytium

the autorhythmic cells working to contract the myocardium synchronously

How many impulses per minute does the sinoatrial (SA) node typically generate?

On average, the SA fires 75 times per minute.

How does the firing rate of the SA node compare to that elicited by other components of the conduction system?

The SA fires at the fastest rate. AV node generates 50 impulses per minute and the ventricular autorhythmic cells (AV bundle and Purkinje fibers) have a lower inherent firing rate of 30 impulses per minute.

Given the above information, what is the primary function of the SA node?

The SA node sets the pace of the heart- often called the heart’s pacemaker.

* Low R-R intervals * Slow heart rate Symptoms * Fatigue * Lightheadedness

Bradychardia (less than 60 bpm)

* short R-R intervals * Fast heart rate Symptoms * Fatigue * Lightheadedness

Tachycardia (greater than 100 bpm)

* long p-r interval * Delay in atrial to ventricular depolarization Symptoms * Typically asymptomatic

first degree heart block

* dropped qrs * Not all atrial depolarizations lead to ventricular depolarization Symptoms * Dizziness

second degree heart block

* no relation between p and qrs and t waves Description * Disconnect between atrial and ventricular depolarization Symptoms * Dizziness – needs immediate emergency attention

complete heart block

* no discernable waves * No coordinated electrical rhythm Symptoms * Unconsciousness

ventricular fibrillation

the left lung is _________ than the right lung and has a __________________ along its medial aspect to accommodate the heart.

smaller (2 lobes vs 3); cardiac notch

* On the medial aspect of each lung is an indentation called the _________ through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and leave the lungs. * Each _______________ plunges into the hilum on its own side and begins to branch almost immediately.

hilum; main bronchus

* Once inside the lungs, each of the main bronchi subdivide into ________________ bronchi. * The lobar bronchi then divide into _______________________________bronchi which divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi (fourth-order, fifthorder, etc.) This branching pattern is commonly referred to as the respiratory tree.

secondary (lobar); third-order (tertiary)

Is the number of lobar bronchi the same in the left and right lung?

No, there are three on the right two on the left (similar to the number of lobes)

Smaller bronchi terminate at passages smaller than 1 mm in diameter–what are these passages called?

bronchioles

The respiratory tree terminates at grape-like structures that are the site of gas exchange –what are these structures called?

alveoli

Bronchi epithelia type

Ciliated Pseudo-stratified columnar

Bronchioles epithelia type

simple cuboidal

Alveoli epithelia type

simple squamous

clinical tools that can measure the rate and volume of air that passes through the respiratory system.

pulmonary function tests

Total lung volume can be divided into a series of volumes and capacities that can be measured with a ______

spirometer

What is vital capacity (VC)?

* It is the maximum amount of air that can be moved forcefully in and out of the lungs * VC is approximately 3-5L in healthy adults

Lab 9 Flashcards

(81 cards)